---
title: craw — Early Modern English dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «craw» in the Early Modern English dictionary: The first stomach of a bird, where food is stored; in one sentence it is the sound of crows calling. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# craw

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** food, crows, Craw craw, birds, these, Identification · **What happens:** store, be, call, cry, fly away, follow · **To what, where:** first stomach, sound, one sentence, great black birds, Twelve Leaders, latter four terms · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«craw» in the Early Modern English dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 2 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [craw in the Early Modern English dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/emode/w/craw.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The first stomach of a bird, where food is stored; in one sentence it is the sound of crows calling.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:emode:craw:m1:1
# text = The first stomach of a bird, where food is stored; in one sentence it is the sound of crows calling.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	first	first	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	3	amod	_	_
3	stomach	stomach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	bird	bird	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
8	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	11	advmod	_	_
9	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj:pass	_	_
10	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux:pass	_	_
11	stored	store	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	19	punct	_	_
13	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	15	nummod	_	_
15	sentence	sentence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obl	_	_
16	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	19	nsubj	_	_
17	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	19	cop	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	sound	sound	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
20	of	of	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	crows	crow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	nmod	_	_
22	calling	call	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	21	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **store** | present · passive |  | the first stomach of a bird |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **is a** | present | food | the sound |  | one sentence |  | of crows | tree rules |
| 3 | **call** | gerund | crows *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"Craw-craw! away-away from here!" cried the great black birds, and they flew away; but on the following day they came back, for they were at home here.

<!-- .note -->
From Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Andersen.

<!-- fold The tree, 29 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:emode:craw:x1:1
# text = "Craw-craw! away-away from here!" cried the great black birds, and they flew away; but on the following day they came back, for they were at home here.
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Craw	craw	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	craw	craw	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
6	away	away	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	away	away	ADV	RB	_	6	conj	_	_
9	from	from	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	here	here	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
13	cried	cry	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
15	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
16	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	birds	bird	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
19	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
20	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	21	nsubj	_	_
21	flew	fly	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	parataxis	_	_
22	away	away	ADV	RB	_	21	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	30	punct	_	_
24	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	30	cc	_	_
25	on	on	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
26	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
27	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	28	amod	_	_
28	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	obl	_	_
29	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	30	nsubj	_	_
30	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	conj	_	_
31	back	back	ADV	RB	_	30	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	37	punct	_	_
33	for	for	ADP	IN	_	37	case	_	_
34	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	37	nsubj	_	_
35	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	37	cop	_	_
36	at	at	ADP	IN	_	37	case	_	_
37	home	home	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	obl	_	_
38	here	here	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	37	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
39	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cry** *speech: express* | past | Craw craw | the great black birds |  |  |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bird=Topic |
| 2 | **fly away** | past | birds *= bird* |  |  |  |  | away *property* | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **come back** | past | birds *= bird* |  |  |  | day |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 5 | **is** | past | birds *= bird* |  |  | here |  | for home | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And these are the Twelve Leaders in the Person: two hands, two legs, two kidneys, spleen, liver, gall, rumen, abomasum, craw. \[note 2: Identification of the latter four terms is very strange.

<!-- .note -->
From Sefer Yetzirah, Sefaria community translation.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* And these are the Twelve Leaders in the Person: two hands, two legs, two kidneys, spleen, liver, gall, rumen, abomasum, craw.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:emode:craw:x2:1
# text = And these are the Twelve Leaders in the Person: two hands, two legs, two kidneys, spleen, liver, gall, rumen, abomasum, craw.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
2	these	this	PRON	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	6	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	Twelve	twelve	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	Leaders	leader	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	Person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	12	punct	_	_
11	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	12	nummod	_	_
12	hands	hand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
14	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	15	nummod	_	_
15	legs	leg	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
17	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	18	nummod	_	_
18	kidneys	kidney	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
20	spleen	spleen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
22	liver	liver	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
24	gall	gall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
26	rumen	rumen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	28	punct	_	_
28	abomasum	abomasum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	30	punct	_	_
30	craw	craw	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | these | the Twelve Leaders and two hands and two legs and two kidneys and spleen and liver and gall and rumen and abomasum and craw |  |  |  | in the Person | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* \[note 2: Identification of the latter four terms is very strange.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:emode:craw:x2:2
# text = [note 2: Identification of the latter four terms is very strange.
1	[	[	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	note	note	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	2	2	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	2	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	13	punct	_	_
5	Identification	identification	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
8	latter	latter	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
9	four	four	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	10	nummod	_	_
10	terms	term	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	_
11	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	cop	_	_
12	very	very	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
13	strange	strange	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Identification of the latter four terms |  |  |  |  | strange *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **identify** |  |  | the latter four terms |  |  |  |  | nom identification «act transitive»: of=patient |

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**Text:** the Early Modern English dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova; its examples quote public-domain texts. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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