---
title: firmament — Early Modern English dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «firmament» in the Early Modern English dictionary: the sky or heavens, especially the sky full of stars. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# firmament

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**Who acts:** God · **What happens:** call, fall, shine, set, give · **To what, where:** firmament, falling star, dark firmament, them, light · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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«firmament» in the Early Modern English dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 3 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [firmament in the Early Modern English dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/emode/w/firmament.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
the sky or heavens, especially the sky full of stars.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:emode:firmament:m1:1
# text = the sky or heavens, especially the sky full of stars.
1	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	sky	sky	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	heavens	heaven	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	especially	especially	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	sky	sky	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
9	full	full	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	stars	star	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And God called the firmament Heaven.

<!-- .note -->
From Torah GEN.1.8, JPS 1917.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:emode:firmament:x1:1
# text = And God called the firmament Heaven.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	God	God	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	called	call	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	firmament	firmament	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	Heaven	Heaven	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **call** | past | God | the firmament |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent firmament=Recipient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A falling star shone in the dark firmament.

<!-- .note -->
From Andersen's Fairy Tales.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:emode:firmament:x2:1
# text = A falling star shone in the dark firmament.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	falling	fall	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	amod	_	_
3	star	star	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	shone	shine	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	firmament	firmament	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fall** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **shine** | participle |  | a falling star *not said here* |  | the dark firmament |  |  | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in firmament=Location |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And God set them in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth,

<!-- .note -->
From Torah GEN.1.17, JPS 1917.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:emode:firmament:x3:1
# text = And God set them in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth,
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	God	God	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	set	set	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	obj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	firmament	firmament	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	heaven	heaven	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
11	to	to	PART	TO	_	12	mark	_	_
12	give	give	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
13	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	_
14	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	earth	earth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **set** | past | God | them *= they* |  | the firmament of the heaven |  |  | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent they=Theme in firmament=Destination |
| 2 | **give** | to-infinitive | God *not said here* | light |  |  |  | upon the earth | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent light=Theme |

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**Text:** the Early Modern English dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova; its examples quote public-domain texts. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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