---
title: flesh — Early Modern English dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «flesh» in the Early Modern English dictionary: the body of a person or animal, or the living skin and muscle; here also a general word for all living creatures. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# flesh

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** raw flesh, flesh, I, 188 · **What happens:** live, appear, be, smell, make · **To what, where:** Russian flesh, Word

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«flesh» in the Early Modern English dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 3 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [flesh in the Early Modern English dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/emode/w/flesh.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
the body of a person or animal, or the living skin and muscle; here also a general word for all living creatures.

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:emode:flesh:m1:1
# text = the body of a person or animal, or the living skin and muscle; here also a general word for all living creatures.
1	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	animal	animal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	living	living	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	_
12	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	muscle	muscle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	20	punct	_	_
16	here	here	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	20	advmod	_	_
17	also	also	ADV	RB	_	20	advmod	_	_
18	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
19	general	general	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
20	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
21	for	for	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
22	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	24	det	_	_
23	living	live	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	24	amod	_	_
24	creatures	creature	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
But whensoever raw flesh appeareth in him, he shall be unclean.

<!-- .note -->
From Torah LEV.13.14, JPS 1917.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:emode:flesh:x1:1
# text = But whensoever raw flesh appeareth in him, he shall be unclean.
1	But	but	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
2	whensoever	whensoever	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
3	raw	raw	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	flesh	flesh	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	appeareth	appear	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
9	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
10	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	12	aux	_	_
11	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	12	cop	_	_
12	unclean	unclean	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **appear** | present | raw flesh |  |  |  |  | in him *= he* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in he=Location |
| 2 | **is** | shall | flesh |  |  |  |  | unclean *property* | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I smell Russian flesh!\[188\] Who's there?"

<!-- .note -->
From Russian Fairy Tales: A Choice Collection of Muscovite Folk-lore.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* I smell Russian flesh!

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:emode:flesh:x2:1
# text = I smell Russian flesh!
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	smell	smell	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	Russian	Russian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	flesh	flesh	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **smell** | present | I | Russian flesh |  |  |  |  | vn see-30.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer flesh=Stimulus |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* \[188\] Who's there?"

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:emode:flesh:x2:2
# text = [188] Who's there?"
1	[	[	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	188	188	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	]	]	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
4	Who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	6	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
6	there	there	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | 188 |  |  |  |  | there *property* | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Two Covenants, by the Word or Spirit, and by the Flesh, made by Jehovah with Abraham, Genesis XVII.

<!-- .note -->
From Sefer Yetzirah, Westcott 1893.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:emode:flesh:x3:1
# text = The Two Covenants, by the Word or Spirit, and by the Flesh, made by Jehovah with Abraham, Genesis XVII.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	Two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	3	nummod	_	_
3	Covenants	covenant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	Word	Word	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	appos	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	Spirit	Spirit	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
12	by	by	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	Flesh	Flesh	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	16	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
16	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	acl	_	_
17	by	by	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	Jehovah	Jehovah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	16	obl	_	_
19	with	with	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	Abraham	Abraham	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
22	Genesis	Genesis	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	appos	_	_
23	XVII	XVII	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	22	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | participle |  | the Word or Spirit *not said here* |  |  |  | by the Flesh; by Jehovah with Abraham | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |

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**Text:** the Early Modern English dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova; its examples quote public-domain texts. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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