---
title: graven — Early Modern English dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «graven» in the Early Modern English dictionary: carved or cut into a hard material, such as stone or metal. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# graven

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**Who acts:** tables, writing, ye, you, they · **What happens:** carve, cut, be, grave, deal, make · **To what, where:** work, writing, graven image, you, figure, onyx stones

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«graven» in the Early Modern English dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 3 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [graven in the Early Modern English dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/emode/w/graven.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
carved or cut into a hard material, such as stone or metal.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:emode:graven:m1:1
# text = carved or cut into a hard material, such as stone or metal.
1	carved	carve	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
2	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	cut	cut	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	conj	_	_
4	into	into	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	material	material	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
9	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	11	case	_	_
10	as	as	ADP	IN	_	9	fixed	_	_
11	stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	appos	_	_
12	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	metal	metal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **carve** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **cut** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | into a hard material | vn cut-21.1-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent into material=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And the tables were the work of God, and the writing was the writing of God, graven upon the tables.

<!-- .note -->
From Torah EXO.32.16, JPS 1917.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:emode:graven:x1:1
# text = And the tables were the work of God, and the writing was the writing of God, graven upon the tables.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	tables	table	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
4	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	work	work	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	God	God	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	writing	writing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj	_	_
13	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	writing	writing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
16	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	God	God	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	15	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
19	graven	grave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	15	acl	_	_
20	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	tables	table	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | the tables | the work and the writing |  |  |  | of God | tree rules |
| 2 | **is a** | past | the writing | the writing |  |  |  | of God | tree rules |
| 3 | **grave** | participle |  | the writing *not said here* |  |  |  | upon the tables | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
lest ye deal corruptly, and make you a graven image, even the form of any figure, the likeness of male or female,

<!-- .note -->
From Torah DEU.4.16, JPS 1917.

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:emode:graven:x2:1
# text = lest ye deal corruptly, and make you a graven image, even the form of any figure, the likeness of male or female,
1	lest	lest	SCONJ	IN	_	3	mark	_	_
2	ye	ye	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	3	nsubj	_	_
3	deal	deal	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	advcl	_	_
4	corruptly	corruptly	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	make	make	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	graven	grave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	amod	_	_
11	image	image	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
13	even	even	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	form	form	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	parataxis	_	_
16	of	of	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	18	det	_	_
18	figure	figure	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	likeness	likeness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	conj	_	_
22	of	of	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
23	male	male	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	nmod	_	_
24	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
25	female	female	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **deal** | present | ye |  |  |  |  | corruptly *property* | vn cope-83 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **make** | imperative | you *not said here* | a graven image | you |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP NP»: agent=Asset you=Beneficiary image=Product |
| 3 | **grave** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **form** |  |  | any figure |  |  |  |  | nom form «communication transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And they wrought the onyx stones, inclosed in settings of gold, graven with the engravings of a signet, according to the names of the children of Israel.

<!-- .note -->
From Torah EXO.39.6, JPS 1917.

<!-- fold The tree, 27 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:emode:graven:x3:1
# text = And they wrought the onyx stones, inclosed in settings of gold, graven with the engravings of a signet, according to the names of the children of Israel.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	wrought	wrought	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	onyx	onyx	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	stones	stone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	inclosed	inclose	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	settings	setting	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	gold	gold	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
14	graven	grave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	acl	_	_
15	with	with	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	engravings	engraving	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obl	_	_
18	of	of	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	signet	signet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
22	according	accord	VERB	VBG	ExtPos=ADP|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	25	case	_	_
23	to	to	ADP	IN	_	22	fixed	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
25	names	name	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obl	_	_
26	of	of	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
28	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	25	nmod	_	_
29	of	of	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
30	Israel	Israel	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	28	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wrought** | past | they | the onyx stones |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **inclose** | participle |  | the onyx stones *not said here* |  | settings of gold |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **grave** | participle |  | settings of gold *not said here* |  |  |  | with the engravings of a signet; accord the names of the children of Israel | tree rules |
| 4 | **accord** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn future\_having-13.3 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **name** |  |  | the children of Israel |  |  |  |  | nom name «communication transitive»: of=patient |

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**Text:** the Early Modern English dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova; its examples quote public-domain texts. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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