---
title: hackney — Early Modern English dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «hackney» in the Early Modern English dictionary: a horse-drawn carriage for hire, a cab. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# hackney

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** he, grumbling, I, leave, Hostess, you · **What happens:** draw, sit, drive, not have, grumble, seem · **To what, where:** hackney coach, Frederickshafen, age, he, Councillor, Hostess · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«hackney» in the Early Modern English dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 3 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [hackney in the Early Modern English dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/emode/w/hackney.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
a horse-drawn carriage for hire, a cab.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:emode:hackney:m1:1
# text = a horse-drawn carriage for hire, a cab.
1	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
2	horse	horse	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	drawn	draw	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	amod	_	_
5	carriage	carriage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	hire	hire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	cab	cab	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **draw** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Two minutes later, he was sitting in a hackney-coach and driving to Frederickshafen.

<!-- .note -->
From Andersen's Fairy Tales.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:emode:hackney:x1:1
# text = Two minutes later, he was sitting in a hackney-coach and driving to Frederickshafen.
1	Two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	2	nummod	_	_
2	minutes	minute	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl:unmarked	_	_
3	later	late	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
6	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
7	sitting	sit	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
10	hackney	hackney	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	coach	coach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	driving	drive	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	conj	_	_
15	to	to	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	Frederickshafen	Frederickshafen	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sit** | past · progressive | he |  |  | a hackney coach |  | late *property* | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in coach=Location |
| 2 | **drive** | gerund | he *not said here* |  |  | Frederickshafen |  |  | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent to frederickshafen=Trajectory |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Never had his age, with which, however, he was always grumbling, seemed so miserable as on this evening. “I'll take a hackney-coach!” thought he.

<!-- .note -->
From Andersen's Fairy Tales.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Never had his age, with which, however, he was always grumbling, seemed so miserable as on this evening.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:emode:hackney:x2:1
# text = Never had his age, with which, however, he was always grumbling, seemed so miserable as on this evening.
1	Never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	2	advmod	_	_
2	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	age	age	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
9	however	however	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
11	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	14	nsubj	_	_
12	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	14	aux	_	_
13	always	always	ADV	RB	PronType=Tot	14	advmod	_	_
14	grumbling	grumble	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	16	csubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
16	seemed	seem	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	parataxis	_	_
17	so	so	ADV	RB	_	18	advmod	_	_
18	miserable	miserable	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	xcomp	_	_
19	as	as	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
20	on	on	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	22	det	_	_
22	evening	evening	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **have** | past |  | his age |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **grumble** *speech: other* | past · progressive | he |  |  |  |  | always *property* | vn complain-37.8 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **seem** | past | grumbling |  |  |  |  | however, miserable *property* | vn seem-109-1-1-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* “I'll take a hackney-coach!” thought he.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:emode:hackney:x2:2
# text = “I'll take a hackney-coach!” thought he.
1	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	'll	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	take	take	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	ccomp	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
6	hackney	hackney	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	coach	coach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
11	thought	think	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
12	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** *in a quote* | future | I | a hackney coach |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent coach=Theme |
| 2 | **think** *speech: other* | past |  | he |  |  |  |  | vn consider-29.9-2 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Agent he=Attribute clause=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
“By your leave!” said the Councillor to the Hostess, who came bustling towards him. “I've felt so queer all of a sudden; would you have the goodness to send for a hackney-coach to take me to Christianshafen?”

<!-- .note -->
From Andersen's Fairy Tales.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* “By your leave!” said the Councillor to the Hostess, who came bustling towards him.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:emode:hackney:x3:1
# text = “By your leave!” said the Councillor to the Hostess, who came bustling towards him.
1	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	By	by	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	leave	leave	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
7	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	Councillor	councillor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
10	to	to	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	Hostess	Hostess	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
14	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	15	nsubj	_	_
15	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	12	acl:relcl	_	_
16	bustling	bustle	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	15	xcomp	_	_
17	towards	towards	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | your leave | the Councillor | the Hostess |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent councillor=Topic to hostess=Recipient |
| 2 | **come** | past | the Hostess |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **bustle** | gerund | the Hostess *not said here* |  |  |  |  | towards leave | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme towards he=Destination |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* “I've felt so queer all of a sudden; would you have the goodness to send for a hackney-coach to take me to Christianshafen?”

<!-- fold The tree, 25 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:emode:hackney:x3:2
# text = “I've felt so queer all of a sudden; would you have the goodness to send for a hackney-coach to take me to Christianshafen?”
1	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	've	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	felt	feel	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	so	so	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	queer	queer	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	xcomp	_	_
7	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	6	appos	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	sudden	sudden	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
12	would	would	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	14	aux	_	_
13	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	14	nsubj	_	_
14	have	have	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	ccomp	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	goodness	goodness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obj	_	_
17	to	to	PART	TO	_	18	mark	_	_
18	send	send	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	16	acl	_	_
19	for	for	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
20	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
21	hackney	hackney	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	21	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	coach	coach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	_
24	to	to	PART	TO	_	25	mark	_	_
25	take	take	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	18	advcl	_	_
26	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	25	obj	_	_
27	to	to	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
28	Christianshafen	Christianshafen	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	25	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **feel** *in a quote* | present · perfect | your leave *= leave* |  |  |  |  | queer *property* | vn conjecture-29.5-2 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **have** *in a quote* | would | you | the goodness |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent goodness=Patient |
| 3 | **send** *in a quote* | to-infinitive | you *not said here* | the goodness *not said here* |  |  |  | for a hackney coach | vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **take** *in a quote* | to-infinitive | you *not said here* | your leave *= leave* | Christianshafen |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent i=Theme to christianshafen=Destination |

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**Text:** the Early Modern English dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova; its examples quote public-domain texts. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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