---
title: hewn — Early Modern English dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «hewn» in the Early Modern English dictionary: Cut or shaped with an axe, tool or saw. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# hewn

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** you, thou, good things, cisterns, vineyards · **What happens:** cut, shape, make, not build, lift up, have · **To what, where:** altar, Me, tool, thousand pieces, vineyards, plant

<!-- .vabout -->
«hewn» in the Early Modern English dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 3 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [hewn in the Early Modern English dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/emode/w/hewn.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Cut or shaped with an axe, tool or saw.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:emode:hewn:m1:1
# text = Cut or shaped with an axe, tool or saw.
1	Cut	cut	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	shaped	shape	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	conj	_	_
4	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	axe	axe	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	tool	tool	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	saw	saw	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cut** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **shape** | participle | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | with a axe and tool or saw | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And if thou make Me an altar of stone, thou shalt not build it of hewn stones; for if thou lift up thy tool upon it, thou hast profaned it.

<!-- .note -->
From Torah EXO.20.25, JPS 1917.

<!-- fold The tree, 30 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:emode:hewn:x1:1
# text = And if thou make Me an altar of stone, thou shalt not build it of hewn stones; for if thou lift up thy tool upon it, thou hast profaned it.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
2	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	4	mark	_	_
3	thou	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	4	nsubj	_	_
4	make	make	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	advcl	_	_
5	Me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	obj	_	_
6	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	altar	altar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
11	thou	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	14	nsubj	_	_
12	shalt	shall	AUX	MD	Style=Arch|VerbForm=Fin	14	aux	_	_
13	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	14	advmod	_	_
14	build	build	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
15	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	14	obj	_	_
16	of	of	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	hewn	hewn	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	stones	stone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	23	punct	_	_
20	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	23	mark	_	_
21	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	23	mark	_	_
22	thou	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	23	nsubj	_	_
23	lift	lift	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	conj	_	_
24	up	up	ADP	RP	_	23	compound:prt	_	_
25	thy	thy	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	26	nmod:poss	_	_
26	tool	tool	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	obj	_	_
27	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
28	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	23	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	31	punct	_	_
30	thou	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	31	nsubj	_	_
31	hast	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	23	conj	_	_
32	profaned	profane	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	31	ccomp	_	_
33	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	32	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	14	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** *a condition, not said to happen* | present | thou | a altar of stone | Me |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP NP»: agent=Asset i=Beneficiary altar=Product |
| 2 | **not** **build** | shall | thou | altar |  |  |  | of hewn stones | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset it=Product |
| 3 | **lift up** *a condition, not said to happen* | present | thou | thy tool |  | tool |  |  | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent tool=Theme upon it=Destination |
| 4 | **have** | present | thou |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **profane** | past | thou *not said here* | altar |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Fail in this, and you shall be hewn in a thousand pieces.’

<!-- .note -->
From The Pink Fairy Book.

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:emode:hewn:x2:1
# text = Fail in this, and you shall be hewn in a thousand pieces.’
1	Fail	fail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	in	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	this	this	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	1	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
6	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
7	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
8	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	cop	_	_
9	hewn	hewn	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	parataxis	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	thousand	thousand	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	13	nummod	_	_
13	pieces	piece	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	’	'	PUNCT	''	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | shall | you |  |  | thousand pieces |  | hewn *property* | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
and houses full of all good things, which thou didst not fill, and cisterns hewn out, which thou the didst not hew, vineyards and olive-trees, which thou didst not plant, and thou shalt eat and be satisfied —

<!-- .note -->
From Torah DEU.6.11, JPS 1917.

<!-- fold The tree, 38 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:emode:hewn:x3:1
# text = and houses full of all good things, which thou didst not fill, and cisterns hewn out, which thou the didst not hew, vineyards and olive-trees, which thou didst not plant, and thou shalt eat and be satisfied —
1	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	houses	house	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	full	full	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	7	det	_	_
6	good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
9	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	13	nsubj	_	_
10	thou	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	13	nsubj	_	_
11	didst	do	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Style=Arch|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux	_	_
12	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	13	advmod	_	_
13	fill	fill	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
16	cisterns	cistern	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	nsubj	_	_
17	hewn	hewn	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	conj	_	_
18	out	out	ADP	RP	_	17	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
20	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	25	obj	_	_
21	thou	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	25	nsubj	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
23	didst	do	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Style=Arch|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	25	aux	_	_
24	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	25	advmod	_	_
25	hew	hew	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	17	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
27	vineyards	vineyard	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	25	obj	_	_
28	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	31	cc	_	_
29	olive	olive	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	31	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	29	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	trees	tree	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	27	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	35	punct	_	_
33	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	35	nsubj	_	_
34	thou	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	35	nsubj	_	_
35	didst	do	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Style=Arch|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	27	acl:relcl	_	_
36	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	35	advmod	_	_
37	plant	plant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	35	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
38	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	42	punct	_	_
39	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	42	cc	_	_
40	thou	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	42	nsubj	_	_
41	shalt	shall	AUX	MD	Style=Arch|VerbForm=Fin	42	aux	_	_
42	eat	eat	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	25	advcl	_	_
43	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	45	cc	_	_
44	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	45	cop	_	_
45	satisfied	satisfied	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	42	conj	_	_
46	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **fill** | past · do-support | all good things |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **hewn out** | participle | cisterns |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **not** **hew** | past · do-support | thou | vineyards and olive trees |  |  |  |  | vn cut-21.1-1 «NP V NP ADJP»: agent=Agent which=Patient vineyard=Result |
| 4 | **not** **do** | past | vineyards and olive trees | plant |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent plant=Eventuality |
| 5 | **eat** | shall | thou |  |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 6 | **is** | infinitive | thou *not said here* |  |  |  |  | satisfied *property* | tree rules |

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**Text:** the Early Modern English dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova; its examples quote public-domain texts. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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