---
title: hitherto — Early Modern English dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «hitherto» in the Early Modern English dictionary: Up to this point in time. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/emode/H/hitherto/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [dictionaries](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/) / [Early Modern English dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/emode/) / [H](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/emode/H/) / hitherto

# hitherto

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** thou, LORD, people, I, Notes · **What happens:** say, have, send, let, go, serve · **To what, where:** me, wilderness, thou, Notes, it, difficult passages · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«hitherto» in the Early Modern English dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 3 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [hitherto in the Early Modern English dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/emode/w/hitherto.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Up to this point in time.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:emode:hitherto:m1:1
# text = Up to this point in time.
1	Up	up	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
2	to	to	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	4	det	_	_
4	point	point	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And thou shalt say unto him: The LORD, the God of the Hebrews, hath sent me unto thee, saying: Let My people go, that they may serve Me in the wilderness; and, behold, hitherto thou hast not hearkened;

<!-- .note -->
From Torah EXO.7.16, JPS 1917.

<!-- fold The tree, 38 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:emode:hitherto:x1:1
# text = And thou shalt say unto him: The LORD, the God of the Hebrews, hath sent me unto thee, saying: Let My people go, that they may serve Me in the wilderness; and, behold, hitherto thou hast not hearkened;
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
2	thou	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	4	nsubj	_	_
3	shalt	shall	AUX	MD	Style=Arch|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	say	say	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
8	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	LORD	LORD	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	God	God	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	appos	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	Hebrews	Hebrew	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	12	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
17	hath	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	parataxis	_	_
18	sent	send	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	parataxis	_	_
19	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	18	obj	_	_
20	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	thee	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	18	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
23	saying	say	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	25	punct	_	_
25	Let	let	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	23	ccomp	_	_
26	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	27	nmod:poss	_	_
27	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	28	nsubj	_	_
28	go	go	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	25	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	33	punct	_	_
30	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	33	mark	_	_
31	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	33	nsubj	_	_
32	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	33	aux	_	_
33	serve	serve	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	25	advcl	_	_
34	Me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	33	obj	_	_
35	in	in	ADP	IN	_	37	case	_	_
36	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	37	det	_	_
37	wilderness	wilderness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	33	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
38	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	41	punct	_	_
39	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	41	cc	_	SpaceAfter=No
40	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	39	punct	_	_
41	behold	behold	INTJ	UH	_	4	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
42	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	47	punct	_	_
43	hitherto	hitherto	ADV	RB	_	47	advmod	_	_
44	thou	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	47	nsubj:pass	_	_
45	hast	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	47	aux	_	_
46	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	47	advmod	_	_
47	hearkened	hearken	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
48	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | shall | thou |  |  |  |  | unto him *= he* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **have** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **send** | past | the LORD | me |  |  |  | unto thee | vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent i=Theme |
| 4 | **say** *speech: assert* | gerund | thou *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 5 | **let** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 6 | **go** | present | My people |  |  |  |  |  | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 7 | **serve** | may | people | Me |  | the wilderness |  |  | vn fit-54.3 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent i=Value in wilderness=Location |
| 8 | **not** **hearken** | present · perfect · passive |  | thou |  |  |  | hitherto *property* | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I have always progressed hitherto, as I know quite well."

<!-- .note -->
From Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Andersen.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:emode:hitherto:x2:1
# text = I have always progressed hitherto, as I know quite well."
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
2	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	always	always	ADV	RB	PronType=Tot	4	advmod	_	_
4	progressed	progress	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	hitherto	hitherto	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
8	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	know	know	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
10	quite	quite	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
11	well	well	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	9	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **progress** | present · perfect | I |  |  |  |  | always, hitherto *property* | vn entity\_specific\_cos-45.5 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **know** | present | I |  |  |  |  | well *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Notes have been extended, and it is hoped that they explain and illustrate difficult passages, and render this abstruse treatise more comprehensible than it has been hitherto found.

<!-- .note -->
From Sefer Yetzirah, Westcott 1893.

<!-- fold The tree, 29 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:emode:hitherto:x3:1
# text = The Notes have been extended, and it is hoped that they explain and illustrate difficult passages, and render this abstruse treatise more comprehensible than it has been hitherto found.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Notes	note	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
4	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	extended	extend	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj:pass	_	_
9	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux:pass	_	_
10	hoped	hope	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	conj	_	_
11	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	13	mark	_	_
12	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
13	explain	explain	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	advcl	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	illustrate	illustrate	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	conj	_	_
16	difficult	difficult	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	passages	passage	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
19	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
20	render	render	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	5	parataxis	_	_
21	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	23	det	_	_
22	abstruse	abstruse	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	treatise	treatise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obj	_	_
24	more	more	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	25	advmod	_	_
25	comprehensible	comprehensible	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	conj	_	_
26	than	than	SCONJ	IN	_	31	mark	_	_
27	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	31	nsubj:pass	_	_
28	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	31	aux	_	_
29	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	31	aux:pass	_	_
30	hitherto	hitherto	ADV	RB	_	31	advmod	_	_
31	found	find	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	25	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **extend** | present · perfect · passive |  | the Notes |  |  |  |  | vn body\_motion-49.2-1 «NP V NP ADV»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **hope** | present · passive |  | it |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **explain** *speech: assert* | present | Notes *= note* |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **illustrate** | present | Notes *= note* *not said here* | difficult passages |  |  |  |  | vn illustrate-25.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent passage=Destination |
| 5 | **render** | infinitive |  | this abstruse treatise |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent treatise=Theme |
| 6 | **find** | present · perfect · passive |  | treatise |  |  |  | hitherto *property* | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: subject=Topic |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the Early Modern English dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova; its examples quote public-domain texts. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [hither](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/emode/H/hither/)
- next →: [holdeth](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/emode/H/holdeth/)
- ↑ back to [H in Early Modern English dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/emode/H/)