---
title: owest — Early Modern English dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «owest» in the Early Modern English dictionary: «owest» means «you owe», a form of «owe». Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# owest

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** you, form, someone, I, thou, we · **What happens:** owe, mean, have, pay back, lend, sit · **To what, where:** money, thee, naught, me, back, master · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«owest» in the Early Modern English dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 2 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [owest in the Early Modern English dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/emode/w/owest.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«owest» means «you owe», a form of «owe».

<!-- fold The tree, 8 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:emode:owest:m1:1
# text = «owest» means «you owe», a form of «owe».
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	owest	owe	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
4	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	owe	owe	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	form	form	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	parataxis	_	_
12	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	14	mark	_	_
13	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	owe	owe	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **owe** *in a quote* | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn future\_having-13.3 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **owe** *in a quote* | present | you |  |  |  |  |  | vn future\_having-13.3 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **owe** *in a quote* | infinitive | a form *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn future\_having-13.3 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To have to pay back money that someone lent you.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:emode:owest:m1e:1
# text = To have to pay back money that someone lent you.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	have	have	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	to	to	PART	TO	_	4	mark	_	_
4	pay	pay	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	_
5	back	back	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
6	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	9	obj	_	_
8	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	9	nsubj	_	_
9	lent	lend	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	acl:relcl	_	_
10	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **pay back** | to-infinitive |  | money |  |  |  |  | vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent money=Asset |
| 3 | **lend** | past | someone | money |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent that=Recipient you=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I owe thee naught, and thou owest naught to me; so sit on my back again, and I'll take thee to my master."

<!-- .note -->
From Cossack Fairy Tales and Folk Tales.

<!-- fold The tree, 24 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:emode:owest:x1:1
# text = I owe thee naught, and thou owest naught to me; so sit on my back again, and I'll take thee to my master."
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	owe	owe	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	thee	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	2	obj	_	_
4	naught	naught	PRON	NN	PronType=Neg	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
7	thou	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	8	nsubj	_	_
8	owest	owe	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	parataxis	_	_
9	naught	naught	PRON	NN	PronType=Neg	8	obj	_	_
10	to	to	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
13	so	so	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	_
14	sit	sit	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
15	on	on	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	17	nmod:poss	_	_
17	back	back	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	_
18	again	again	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
20	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
21	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	23	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	'll	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	23	aux	_	_
23	take	take	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	14	conj	_	_
24	thee	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	23	obj	_	_
25	to	to	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
26	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	27	nmod:poss	_	_
27	master	master	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **owe** | present | I | thee |  |  |  |  | vn future\_having-13.3 «NP V NP.goal NP»: agent=Agent thou=Goal naught=Theme |
| 2 | **owe** | present | thou | naught | me |  |  |  | vn future\_having-13.3 «NP V NP PP.goal»: agent=Agent naught=Theme to i=Goal |
| 3 | **sit** | infinitive | I *not said here* |  |  | my back | again |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on back=Location |
| 4 | **take** | future | I | thee |  | my master |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent thou=Theme to master=Destination |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
“Of that we shall judge later,” said Bagheera, in a dry voice that Mowgli did not at all like. “But here is Kaa to whom we owe the battle and thou owest thy life.

<!-- .note -->
From The Jungle Book.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* “Of that we shall judge later,” said Bagheera, in a dry voice that Mowgli did not at all like.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:emode:owest:x2:1
# text = “Of that we shall judge later,” said Bagheera, in a dry voice that Mowgli did not at all like.
1	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Of	of	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	that	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	10	obl	_	_
4	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
5	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
6	judge	judge	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	acl:relcl	_	_
7	later	late	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	6	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
10	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
11	Bagheera	Bagheera	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
13	in	in	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
15	dry	dry	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	voice	voice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
17	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	19	obj	_	_
18	Mowgli	Mowgli	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	nsubj	_	_
19	did	do	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	16	acl:relcl	_	_
20	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	19	advmod	_	_
21	at	at	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	19	conj	_	_
23	like	like	INTJ	UH	_	22	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **judge** *in a quote* | shall | we |  |  |  |  | late *property* | vn estimate-34.2-1-1 «NP V whether/if S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | Bagheera |  |  | a dry voice |  | of that | vn pronounce-29.3.1 «NP V NP PP.manner»: agent=Agent in voice=Manner |
| 3 | **not** **do** | past | Mowgli | a dry voice |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent that=Eventuality |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* “But here is Kaa to whom we owe the battle and thou owest thy life.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:emode:owest:x2:2
# text = “But here is Kaa to whom we owe the battle and thou owest thy life.
1	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	But	but	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	here	here	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	0	root	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
5	Kaa	Kaa	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	whom	whom	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	3	obl	_	_
8	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	owe	owe	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	acl:relcl	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	battle	battle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
13	thou	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	14	nsubj	_	_
14	owest	owe	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
15	thy	thy	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	16	nmod:poss	_	_
16	life	life	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** *in a quote* | present | Kaa |  |  |  |  | here *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **owe** *in a quote* | present | we | the battle |  |  |  |  | vn future\_having-13.3 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent battle=Theme |
| 3 | **owe** *in a quote* | present | thou | thy life |  |  |  |  | vn future\_having-13.3 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent life=Theme |

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**Text:** the Early Modern English dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova; its examples quote public-domain texts. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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