---
title: sawest — Early Modern English dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «sawest» in the Early Modern English dictionary: «sawest» means «you saw», a form of «see»: To see is to notice something with your eyes. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# sawest

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** you, form, I, Abimelech · **What happens:** see, mean, be, say, do · **To what, where:** form, bird, thou, that · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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«sawest» in the Early Modern English dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 1 example, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [sawest in the Early Modern English dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/emode/w/sawest.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«sawest» means «you saw», a form of «see»: To see is to notice something with your eyes.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:emode:sawest:m1:1
# text = «sawest» means «you saw», a form of «see»: To see is to notice something with your eyes.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	sawest	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Style=Arch|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
4	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	form	form	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
12	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	14	mark	_	_
13	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	see	see	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	18	punct	_	_
17	To	to	PART	TO	_	18	mark	_	_
18	see	see	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	4	parataxis	_	_
19	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	21	cop	_	_
20	to	to	PART	TO	_	21	mark	_	_
21	notice	notice	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	18	ccomp	_	_
22	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	21	obj	_	_
23	with	with	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
24	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	25	nmod:poss	_	_
25	eyes	eye	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** *in a quote* | past |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **see** *in a quote* | past | you | a form |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 4 | **see** *in a quote* | infinitive | a form *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 5 | **see** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V how S\_INF»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus |
| 6 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | notice *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I see a bird.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:emode:sawest:m1e:1
# text = I see a bird.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	see	see	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	bird	bird	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | present | I | a bird |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer bird=Stimulus |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And Abimelech said unto Abraham: 'What sawest thou, that thou hast done this thing?'

<!-- .note -->
From Torah GEN.20.10, JPS 1917.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:emode:sawest:x1:1
# text = And Abimelech said unto Abraham: 'What sawest thou, that thou hast done this thing?'
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	Abimelech	Abimelech	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	Abraham	Abraham	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
7	'	'	PUNCT	``	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	What	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	9	nsubj	_	_
9	sawest	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Style=Arch|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
10	thou	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
12	that	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	15	nsubj:pass	_	_
13	thou	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	15	nsubj	_	_
14	hast	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	aux	_	_
15	done	do	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	advcl	_	_
16	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	17	det	_	_
17	thing	thing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	'	'	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | Abimelech |  |  |  |  | unto Abraham | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **see** | past |  | thou |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer thou=Stimulus |
| 3 | **do** | present · perfect · passive |  | that |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

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**Text:** the Early Modern English dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova; its examples quote public-domain texts. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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