---
title: victuals — Early Modern English dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «victuals» in the Early Modern English dictionary: Food and drink, or supplies of food. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# victuals

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Thou, old woman, they · **What happens:** not give, give, sit down, swallow, reply, take · **To what, where:** money, him, victuals, goods, way · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«victuals» in the Early Modern English dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 3 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [victuals in the Early Modern English dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/emode/w/victuals.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Food and drink, or supplies of food.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:emode:victuals:m1:1
# text = Food and drink, or supplies of food.
1	Food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	drink	drink	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	supplies	supplies	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	1	conj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Thou shalt not give him thy money upon interest, nor give him thy victuals for increase.

<!-- .note -->
From Torah LEV.25.37, JPS 1917.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:emode:victuals:x1:1
# text = Thou shalt not give him thy money upon interest, nor give him thy victuals for increase.
1	Thou	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	4	nsubj	_	_
2	shalt	shall	AUX	MD	Style=Arch|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	4	advmod	_	_
4	give	give	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	iobj	_	_
6	thy	thy	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
8	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	interest	interest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
11	nor	nor	CCONJ	CC	Polarity=Neg	12	cc	_	_
12	give	give	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	conj	_	_
13	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	iobj	_	_
14	thy	thy	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	15	nmod:poss	_	_
15	victuals	victual	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obj	_	_
16	for	for	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	increase	increase	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **give** | shall | Thou | thy money | him *= he* |  |  | upon interest | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent he=Recipient money=Theme |
| 2 | **give** | infinitive | Thou *not said here* | thy victuals | him *= he* |  |  | for increase | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP NP PP.asset»: agent=Agent he=Recipient victual=Theme for increase=Asset |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"Sit down to table and swallow your victuals!" replied the old woman.

<!-- .note -->
From Russian Fairy Tales: A Choice Collection of Muscovite Folk-lore.

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:emode:victuals:x2:1
# text = "Sit down to table and swallow your victuals!" replied the old woman.
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Sit	sit	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	12	ccomp	_	_
3	down	down	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	table	table	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	swallow	swallow	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	conj	_	_
8	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	victuals	victual	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
12	replied	reply	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
14	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	woman	woman	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	12	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sit down** *in a quote* | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | to table; down *property* | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **swallow** *in a quote* | infinitive |  | your victuals |  |  |  |  | vn gobble-39.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent victual=Patient |
| 3 | **reply** *speech: express* | past | the old woman |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1 «NP V S-Quote»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And they took all the goods of Sodom and Gomorrah, and all their victuals, and went their way.

<!-- .note -->
From Torah GEN.14.11, JPS 1917.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:emode:victuals:x3:1
# text = And they took all the goods of Sodom and Gomorrah, and all their victuals, and went their way.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	6	det:predet	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	goods	goods	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	3	obj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	Sodom	Sodom	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	Gomorrah	Gomorrah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
13	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	15	det:predet	_	_
14	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	15	nmod:poss	_	_
15	victuals	victual	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
18	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
19	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	20	nmod:poss	_	_
20	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | past | they | all goods of Sodom and Gomorrah |  |  |  | Sodom's victuals *obl* | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent goods=Theme |
| 2 | **go** | past | they *not said here* | victuals's way |  |  |  |  | vn meander-47.7 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location way=Theme |

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**Text:** the Early Modern English dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova; its examples quote public-domain texts. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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