---
title: waxen — Early Modern English dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «waxen» in the Early Modern English dictionary: In the Torah it means having grown or become (rich or poor); in Andersen it means made of wax. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# waxen

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Torah, man, waxen rich, little figures, little waxen angel, brother · **What happens:** mean, have, grow, become, make, redeem · **To what, where:** Torah, Andersen, one, it, wings, green perch · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«waxen» in the Early Modern English dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 3 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [waxen in the Early Modern English dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/emode/w/waxen.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In the Torah it means having grown or become (rich or poor); in Andersen it means made of wax.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:emode:waxen:m1:1
# text = In the Torah it means having grown or become (rich or poor); in Andersen it means made of wax.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	Torah	Torah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
4	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	having	have	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	ccomp	_	_
7	grown	grow	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	xcomp	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	become	become	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	conj	_	_
10	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	rich	rich	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	xcomp	_	_
12	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	poor	poor	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	19	punct	_	_
16	in	in	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	Andersen	Andersen	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	obl	_	_
18	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	19	nsubj	_	_
19	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
20	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	19	ccomp	_	_
21	of	of	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	wax	wax	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Torah |  |  | the Torah |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **have** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **grow** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **become** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | rich *property* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |
| 5 | **mean** | present | Torah |  |  | Andersen |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 6 | **make** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | of wax | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And if a man have no one to redeem it, and he be waxen rich and find sufficient means to redeem it;

<!-- .note -->
From Torah LEV.25.26, JPS 1917.

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:emode:waxen:x1:1
# text = And if a man have no one to redeem it, and he be waxen rich and find sufficient means to redeem it;
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
2	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	7	det	_	_
7	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	redeem	redeem	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	acl	_	_
10	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
13	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	nsubj	_	_
14	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	16	cop	_	_
15	waxen	waxen	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	rich	rich	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	nsubj	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
18	find	find	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	conj	_	_
19	sufficient	sufficient	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	xcomp	_	_
20	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	parataxis	_	_
21	to	to	PART	TO	_	22	mark	_	_
22	redeem	redeem	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	20	xcomp	_	_
23	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	22	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | a man | no one |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent one=Patient |
| 2 | **redeem** | to-infinitive | a man *not said here* | it |  |  |  |  | vn steal-10.5 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme |
| 3 | **is** | infinitive | man |  |  |  |  | rich *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **find** | present | man *not said here* |  |  |  |  | sufficient *property* | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **mean** | present | waxen rich |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 6 | **redeem** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | waxen rich *not said here* | it |  |  |  |  | vn steal-10.5 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Then the little figures on the tree will become lively, and the little waxen angel at the top spread out his wings of gold-leaf, and fly down from his green perch.

<!-- .note -->
From Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Andersen.

<!-- fold The tree, 32 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:emode:waxen:x2:1
# text = Then the little figures on the tree will become lively, and the little waxen angel at the top spread out his wings of gold-leaf, and fly down from his green perch.
1	Then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	9	advmod	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	figures	figure	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	tree	tree	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
8	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
9	become	become	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
10	lively	lively	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
14	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
15	waxen	waxen	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	angel	angel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	nsubj	_	_
17	at	at	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	top	top	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nmod	_	_
20	spread	spread	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	parataxis	_	_
21	out	out	ADP	RP	_	20	compound:prt	_	_
22	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	23	nmod:poss	_	_
23	wings	wing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	obj	_	_
24	of	of	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
25	gold	gold	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	25	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	leaf	leaf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	30	punct	_	_
29	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	30	cc	_	_
30	fly	fly	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	conj	_	_
31	down	down	ADV	RB	_	30	advmod	_	_
32	from	from	ADP	IN	_	35	case	_	_
33	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	35	nmod:poss	_	_
34	green	green	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	35	amod	_	_
35	perch	perch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **become** | future | the little figures on the tree |  |  |  | then | lively *property* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **spread out** | past | the little waxen angel at the top | angel's wings of gold leaf |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location wing=Theme |
| 3 | **fly down** | infinitive | the little figures on the tree *not said here* |  |  | angel's green perch |  | down *property* | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme from perch=Trajectory |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And if thy brother be waxen poor with thee, and sell himself unto thee, thou shalt not make him to serve as a bondservant.

<!-- .note -->
From Torah LEV.25.39, JPS 1917.

<!-- fold The tree, 24 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:emode:waxen:x3:1
# text = And if thy brother be waxen poor with thee, and sell himself unto thee, thou shalt not make him to serve as a bondservant.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
2	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
3	thy	thy	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	brother	brother	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
5	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	cop	_	_
6	waxen	waxen	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	advcl	_	_
7	poor	poor	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
8	with	with	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	thee	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	sell	sell	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	advcl	_	_
13	himself	himself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	12	obj	_	_
14	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	thee	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
17	thou	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	20	nsubj	_	_
18	shalt	shall	AUX	MD	Style=Arch|VerbForm=Fin	20	aux	_	_
19	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	20	advmod	_	_
20	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	12	parataxis	_	_
21	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	20	obj	_	_
22	to	to	PART	TO	_	23	mark	_	_
23	serve	serve	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	20	xcomp	_	_
24	as	as	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
25	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	bondservant	bondservant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | infinitive | thy brother |  |  |  |  | waxen *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **sell** | infinitive |  | himself *= he* |  |  |  | unto thee | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent himself=Theme |
| 3 | **not** **make** | shall | thou | him *= he* |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **not** **serve** | to-infinitive | him *= he* *not said here* |  |  |  |  | as a bondservant | vn masquerade-29.6-2 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Agent as bondservant=Attribute |

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**Text:** the Early Modern English dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova; its examples quote public-domain texts. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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