---
title: artillery — English dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «artillery» in the English dictionary: Artillery means big guns and cannons used in war, and also the soldiers who fire them. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# artillery

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Artillery, soldiers, weapons, I, heavy artillery, them · **What happens:** mean, use, fire, throw, shoot, hear · **To what, where:** big guns, war, guns, older English, roar, cannons · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«artillery» in the English dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 5 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [artillery in the English dictionary](https://dictionary.elamur.ai/free/en/english/artillery/).

## Everyday, meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Artillery means big guns and cannons used in war, and also the soldiers who fire them.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:english:artillery:m1:1
# text = Artillery means big guns and cannons used in war, and also the soldiers who fire them.
1	Artillery	artillery	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	guns	gun	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	cannons	cannon	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	conj	_	_
7	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	war	war	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
12	also	also	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	soldiers	soldier	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	conj	_	_
15	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	16	nsubj	_	_
16	fire	fire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	conj	_	_
17	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Artillery | big guns and cannons and the soldiers and fire |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent gun=Topic |
| 2 | **use** | participle |  | big guns and cannons and the soldiers and fire *not said here* |  | war |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **fire** |  | the soldiers and fire | guns *= gun* |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Early Modern English, meaning 1 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In older English, any weapons that throw or shoot, such as bows and arrows or catapults.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:english:artillery:m2:1
# text = In older English, any weapons that throw or shoot, such as bows and arrows or catapults.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	older	old	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	3	amod	_	_
3	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	6	det	_	_
6	weapons	weapon	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	nsubj	_	_
7	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
8	throw	throw	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	acl:relcl	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	shoot	shoot	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
12	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	14	case	_	_
13	as	as	ADP	IN	_	12	fixed	_	_
14	bows	bow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	parataxis	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	arrows	arrow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	conj	_	_
17	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
18	catapults	catapult	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	14	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **throw** | present | any weapons |  |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **shoot** | present | any weapons *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn throw-17.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The artillery fired all night.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:english:artillery:x1:1
# text = The artillery fired all night.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	artillery	artillery	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	fired	fire	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	5	det	_	_
5	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fire** | past | the artillery |  |  |  | night |  | vn throw-17.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I heard the roar of heavy artillery.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:english:artillery:x2:1
# text = I heard the roar of heavy artillery.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	heard	hear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	roar	roar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	heavy	heavy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	artillery	artillery	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hear** | past | I | the roar of heavy artillery |  |  |  |  | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer roar=Stimulus |
| 2 | **roar** |  | heavy artillery |  |  |  |  |  | nom roar «event intransitive»: of=agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The cannons were stacked near the artillery lines.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:english:artillery:x3:1
# text = The cannons were stacked near the artillery lines.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cannons	cannon	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	stacked	stack	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	near	near	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	artillery	artillery	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	lines	line	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stack** | past · passive |  | the cannons |  | the artillery lines |  |  | vn spray-9.7-2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme near line=Destination |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I heard them coming, and I also at the same time was conscious of a rush of air and a sound like the roar of heavy artillery.

<!-- .note -->
From Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Andersen.

<!-- fold The tree, 27 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:english:artillery:x4:1
# text = I heard them coming, and I also at the same time was conscious of a rush of air and a sound like the roar of heavy artillery.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	heard	hear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	obj	_	_
4	coming	come	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
7	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	14	nsubj	_	_
8	also	also	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	_
9	at	at	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	same	same	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	_
13	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	14	cop	_	_
14	conscious	conscious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	parataxis	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	rush	rush	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	_
18	of	of	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	_
20	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
21	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	sound	sound	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	conj	_	_
23	like	like	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
25	roar	roar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	nmod	_	_
26	of	of	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
27	heavy	heavy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	28	amod	_	_
28	artillery	artillery	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hear** | past | I | them *= they* |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **come** | gerund | them *= they* *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **is** | past | I |  |  |  | time | of a rush of air and a sound like the roar of heavy artillery; conscious *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **rush** |  |  | air |  |  |  |  | nom rush «act transitive»: of=patient |
| 5 | **roar** |  | heavy artillery |  |  |  |  |  | nom roar «event intransitive»: of=agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
At last I fell over the tail-end of a gun, and by that knew I was somewhere near the artillery lines where the cannon were stacked at night.

<!-- .note -->
From The Jungle Book.

<!-- fold The tree, 29 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:english:artillery:x5:1
# text = At last I fell over the tail-end of a gun, and by that knew I was somewhere near the artillery lines where the cannon were stacked at night.
1	At	at	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	obl	_	_
3	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
4	fell	fall	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	over	over	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
7	tail	tail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	end	end	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	gun	gun	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
15	by	by	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	that	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	17	obl	_	_
17	knew	know	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
18	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	20	nsubj	_	_
19	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	20	cop	_	_
20	somewhere	somewhere	ADV	RB	PronType=Ind	17	ccomp	_	_
21	near	near	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
23	artillery	artillery	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	compound	_	_
24	lines	line	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	obl	_	_
25	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	29	advmod	_	_
26	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
27	cannon	cannon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	nsubj:pass	_	_
28	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	29	aux:pass	_	_
29	stacked	stack	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	24	acl	_	_
30	at	at	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
31	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fall** | past | I |  |  | last | over the tail end of a gun |  | vn occur-48.3 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme at last=Location |
| 2 | **know** | past | I *not said here* |  |  | the artillery lines |  | by that | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 3 | **is** | past | I |  |  |  |  | somewhere *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **stack** | past · passive |  | the cannon |  |  | night |  | vn spray-9.7-2 «NP V NP.theme»: subject=Theme |

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**Text:** the English dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader, each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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