---
title: A — The English dictionary with trees and pragmatics · page 4
description: The 1215 words of the English dictionary under A, every meaning for a pupil and every example with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# A — The English dictionary · page 4

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**abrupt** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* Sudden and unexpected, often in an unpleasant way.[↗](../../abrupt/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* Short and rude in the way someone speaks.[↗](../../abrupt/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* (of a slope) Very steep.[↗](../../abrupt/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The bus came to an abrupt stop and we all lurched forward.[↗](../../abrupt/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · The film had an abrupt ending.[↗](../../abrupt/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · Sorry I was abrupt on the phone; I was in a hurry.[↗](../../abrupt/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · There was an abrupt change in the weather.[↗](../../abrupt/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · The path ends in an abrupt drop to the sea.[↗](../../abrupt/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · His abrupt answer made her feel hurt.[↗](../../abrupt/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · This abrupt departure was a great blow to the State, especially as no one had any idea what had become of the Prince.[↗](../../abrupt/#x7 "tree and pragmatics")

**abruptly** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* Suddenly and unexpectedly.[↗](../../abruptly/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* In a short, rude or unfriendly way.[↗](../../abruptly/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The music stopped abruptly.[↗](../../abruptly/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · She stood up abruptly and left the room.[↗](../../abruptly/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · The road ended abruptly at a fence.[↗](../../abruptly/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · "No," he said abruptly.[↗](../../abruptly/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · The temperature dropped abruptly at night.[↗](../../abruptly/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · The line on the graph rises abruptly after the third day.[↗](../../abruptly/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · ‘I want a boy to tend my cattle,’ he said abruptly, ‘as the one I had has run away.[↗](../../abruptly/#x7 "tree and pragmatics")

**abs** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* (informal) Abs are the stomach muscles; it is short for abdominal muscles.[↗](../../abs/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* ABS (in capitals) stands for anti-lock braking system, which stops a car's wheels locking when the driver brakes hard.[↗](../../abs/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* ABS is also a hard plastic used for things like LEGO bricks.[↗](../../abs/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* Sit-ups help to strengthen your abs.[↗](../../abs/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · The coach said, "Tighten your abs and keep your back straight."[↗](../../abs/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · The car has ABS, so it can steer while braking hard.[↗](../../abs/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · LEGO bricks are made of ABS plastic.[↗](../../abs/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · Strong abs help you keep good posture.[↗](../../abs/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · He showed off his abs at the beach.[↗](../../abs/#x6 "tree and pragmatics")

**abscise** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* (science) To abscise means for a plant to drop a leaf, flower or fruit by forming a special layer of cells where it joins the stem.[↗](../../abscise/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* (formal) To abscise also means to cut something off.[↗](../../abscise/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* In autumn, oak and maple trees abscise their leaves.[↗](../../abscise/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · The plant abscises flowers that were not pollinated.[↗](../../abscise/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · A corky layer forms before the leaf is abscised.[↗](../../abscise/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · Some trees abscise small fruits when it is too dry.[↗](../../abscise/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · Scientists study how plants decide when to abscise their leaves.[↗](../../abscise/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · Evergreen trees abscise old needles a few at a time.[↗](../../abscise/#x6 "tree and pragmatics")

**abscond** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* (formal) To abscond means to leave secretly and suddenly, especially to escape from somewhere or to avoid being caught.[↗](../../abscond/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* To abscond with something means to run away with money or things that are not yours.[↗](../../abscond/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The thief absconded with the cash box.[↗](../../abscond/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · Two prisoners absconded from the open prison.[↗](../../abscond/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · The club treasurer absconded with all the money.[↗](../../abscond/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · (jokey) Our dog absconded with the Sunday roast.[↗](../../abscond/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · The man absconded before the police arrived.[↗](../../abscond/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · The puppy absconded with my sock.[↗](../../abscond/#x6 "tree and pragmatics")

**absence** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* Absence is being away from a place, like school or work, when you should be there.[↗](../../absence/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* An absence is a time when someone is away.[↗](../../absence/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* Absence of something means it is not there or there is none of it.[↗](../../absence/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* She had three absences from school this term.[↗](../../absence/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · Your absence was noticed at the meeting.[↗](../../absence/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · In the absence of light, plants cannot make food.[↗](../../absence/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · After a long absence, the swallows returned.[↗](../../absence/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · There were 28 pupils and 3 absences, so 25 were present.[↗](../../absence/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · The absence of rain made the grass turn brown.[↗](../../absence/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · The teacher marked his absence in the register.[↗](../../absence/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · In his absence things are usually quiet on the island.[↗](../../absence/#x8 "tree and pragmatics") · C. to denote the absence of degrees, minutes, or seconds in their sexagesi- mal notation.[↗](../../absence/#x9 "tree and pragmatics") (Mordell, The Origin of Letters and Numerals according to Sefer Yetzirah (1914))[↗](../../absence/#x9 "tree and pragmatics") · As the - indicates the absence of a vowel letter, and is similar in its nature to the zero, which indicates the absence of a digit, it is possible that the " originated from the zero.[↗](../../absence/#x10 "tree and pragmatics") (Mordell, The Origin of Letters and Numerals according to Sefer Yetzirah (1914))[↗](../../absence/#x10 "tree and pragmatics")

**absent** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* Absent means not here, not in the place where someone is expected to be, such as school or work.[↗](../../absent/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* Absent means missing or not there at all, as in «Snow was absent this winter».[↗](../../absent/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* Absent-minded means forgetful, thinking about something else.[↗](../../absent/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* Tom was absent from school because he had a cold.[↗](../../absent/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · Who is absent today?[↗](../../absent/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · The teacher marked three children absent.[↗](../../absent/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · Colour was absent from the old black-and-white photos.[↗](../../absent/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · Grandpa is a bit absent-minded and often loses his glasses.[↗](../../absent/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · If you are absent, bring a note from home.[↗](../../absent/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · Fish are absent from this salty lake.[↗](../../absent/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · While he was absent the boy woke up and dressed himself.[↗](../../absent/#x8 "tree and pragmatics") · and Mizpah, for he said: 'The LORD watch between me and thee, when we are absent one from another.[↗](../../absent/#x9 "tree and pragmatics") (Torah GEN.31.49, JPS 1917)[↗](../../absent/#x9 "tree and pragmatics")

**absolute** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* Absolute means total, complete, as much as possible: absolute silence.[↗](../../absolute/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* Certain and not changing: an absolute rule.[↗](../../absolute/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* (maths) The absolute value of a number is its distance from zero, always positive or zero.[↗](../../absolute/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 4:* An absolute ruler has complete power.[↗](../../absolute/#m4 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 5:* (informal) Used for force: an absolute disaster, an absolute legend.[↗](../../absolute/#m5 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* There was absolute silence during the test.[↗](../../absolute/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · The absolute value of minus seven is seven.[↗](../../absolute/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · Nothing can be colder than absolute zero.[↗](../../absolute/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · The king had absolute power.[↗](../../absolute/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · That party was an absolute disaster\![↗](../../absolute/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · You're an absolute star for helping.[↗](../../absolute/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · Safety is an absolute must on the trip.[↗](../../absolute/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · The Zohar represents absolute truth, and the Sepher Jezirah provides the means by which we may seize, appropriate and make use of it."[↗](../../absolute/#x8 "tree and pragmatics") (Sefer Yetzirah, Westcott 1893)[↗](../../absolute/#x8 "tree and pragmatics") · However, this is grammatically peculiar, as immot is usually only the construct plural of אֵם em 'mother', whose absolute plural is rather אִמָּהוֹת immahot.[↗](../../absolute/#x9 "tree and pragmatics") (Sefer Yetzirah, Sefaria community translation)[↗](../../absolute/#x9 "tree and pragmatics") · 23) The ancient philosophers maintained that if God is the first cause, and He is necessarily, He, the immediate effect of Him, as an absolute unity, (Sefer Yetzirah, Kalisch 1877)[↗](../../absolute/#x10 "tree and pragmatics")

**absolutely** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* Completely, totally: absolutely right.[↗](../../absolutely/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* Used as a strong «yes» when you agree: «Absolutely!».[↗](../../absolutely/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* With «not» or «nothing», a strong «no»: absolutely not, absolutely nothing.[↗](../../absolutely/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 4:* (informal) Used to make a feeling stronger: absolutely starving.[↗](../../absolutely/#m4 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* Are you coming? — Absolutely\![↗](../../absolutely/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · You are absolutely right.[↗](../../absolutely/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · I'm absolutely starving.[↗](../../absolutely/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · Absolutely not, you can't go out in this storm.[↗](../../absolutely/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · There was absolutely nothing left in the fridge.[↗](../../absolutely/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · The sunset was absolutely beautiful.[↗](../../absolutely/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · Make absolutely sure the tap is off.[↗](../../absolutely/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · But since you ask me, I must confess that it lacks three things to make it absolutely perfect."[↗](../../absolutely/#x8 "tree and pragmatics")

**absolution** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* (church) Absolution is when a priest, in God's name, declares that a person's sins are forgiven, especially after confession.[↗](../../absolution/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* (formal) Absolution is being set free from blame or guilt.[↗](../../absolution/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* After confession, the priest gave her absolution.[↗](../../absolution/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · The vicar said the words of absolution and everyone felt lighter.[↗](../../absolution/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · He wanted absolution for the lie he had told.[↗](../../absolution/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · Saying sorry to her friend felt like absolution.[↗](../../absolution/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · Catholics believe absolution forgives their sins through the priest.[↗](../../absolution/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · The service begins with confession and absolution.[↗](../../absolution/#x6 "tree and pragmatics")

**absolved** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* To absolve someone is to free them from blame, guilt or punishment, saying that they are not responsible.[↗](../../absolved/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The judge absolved the boy of blame.[↗](../../absolved/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · The king absolved the knight after the accident.[↗](../../absolved/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · Her father absolved her from the broken vase.[↗](../../absolved/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · Because it was an accident, he was absolved of all guilt.[↗](../../absolved/#x4 "tree and pragmatics")

**absorb** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* To absorb a liquid, gas or heat is to take it in, as a sponge takes in water.[↗](../../absorb/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* To absorb information is to learn it and understand it.[↗](../../absorb/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* To be absorbed in something is to be so interested in it that you notice nothing else.[↗](../../absorb/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 4:* To absorb a shock or blow is to take its force so it does less harm.[↗](../../absorb/#m4 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* A sponge absorbs water.[↗](../../absorb/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · Paper towels absorb spills.[↗](../../absorb/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · Black clothes absorb more heat from the Sun.[↗](../../absorb/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · Plant roots absorb water from the soil.[↗](../../absorb/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · She was so absorbed in her book that she didn't hear me.[↗](../../absorb/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · A bike helmet absorbs the force of a fall.[↗](../../absorb/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · I need time to absorb all this information.[↗](../../absorb/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · Which material absorbs the most water?[↗](../../absorb/#x8 "tree and pragmatics") · Crimthann absorbed instruction like a sponge and digested it as rapidly.[↗](../../absorb/#x9 "tree and pragmatics")

**absorbent** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* Absorbent describes a material that can soak up liquid, like a sponge or a paper towel.[↗](../../absorbent/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* Something absorbent takes in and holds water or another liquid instead of letting it run off.[↗](../../absorbent/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* A sponge is very absorbent.[↗](../../absorbent/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · We tested which paper was the most absorbent.[↗](../../absorbent/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · Use an absorbent cloth to wipe up the spill.[↗](../../absorbent/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · Plastic is not absorbent, so water runs off it.[↗](../../absorbent/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · Towels are made of absorbent cotton.[↗](../../absorbent/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · Nappies have an absorbent layer inside.[↗](../../absorbent/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · Kitchen roll is more absorbent than tissue paper.[↗](../../absorbent/#x7 "tree and pragmatics")

**absorption** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* The taking in of a liquid, gas, heat or light by something: a sponge's absorption of water.[↗](../../absorption/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* (science) The way food or medicine passes into the body or blood: absorption of food in the gut.[↗](../../absorption/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* Being completely interested in something: her absorption in the book.[↗](../../absorption/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* We tested the absorption of three kinds of paper towel.[↗](../../absorption/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · Black clothes have high absorption of the sun's heat.[↗](../../absorption/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · The absorption of food happens mostly in the small intestine.[↗](../../absorption/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · Plant roots take in water by absorption.[↗](../../absorption/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · Her absorption in the puzzle meant she did not hear the bell.[↗](../../absorption/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · Paper towel A soaked up 30 ml and B soaked up 45 ml, so B had better absorption.[↗](../../absorption/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · Sand has fast absorption of rainwater.[↗](../../absorption/#x7 "tree and pragmatics")

**abstain** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* (formal) To abstain is to choose not to do something you might enjoy, like eating sweets or drinking alcohol.[↗](../../abstain/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* To abstain in a vote is to choose not to vote for or against.[↗](../../abstain/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* Grandad abstains from sugar in his tea.[↗](../../abstain/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · Three pupils abstained in the class vote.[↗](../../abstain/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · During the fast, they abstain from food until sunset.[↗](../../abstain/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · She abstained from chocolate for a whole month.[↗](../../abstain/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · Of 30 voters, 18 said yes, 9 said no, and 3 abstained.[↗](../../abstain/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · He abstained from arguing and stayed calm.[↗](../../abstain/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · She not only abstained from beating him, but encouraged him.[↗](../../abstain/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · he shall abstain from wine and strong drink: he shall drink no vinegar of wine, or vinegar of strong drink, neither shall he drink any liquor of grapes, nor eat fresh grapes or dried.[↗](../../abstain/#x8 "tree and pragmatics") (Torah NUM.6.3, JPS 1917)[↗](../../abstain/#x8 "tree and pragmatics")

**abstemious** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* (formal) Abstemious means eating and drinking very little, especially not much rich food or alcohol; holding yourself back from pleasures.[↗](../../abstemious/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The old monk lived an abstemious life of bread and water.[↗](../../abstemious/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · Grandad is abstemious and never drinks alcohol.[↗](../../abstemious/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · She was abstemious at the party and had only one small cake.[↗](../../abstemious/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · During Lent some Christians are more abstemious and give up treats.[↗](../../abstemious/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · The athlete kept to an abstemious diet before the race.[↗](../../abstemious/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · He was too abstemious to have a second helping.[↗](../../abstemious/#x6 "tree and pragmatics")

**abstention** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* An abstention is when someone chooses not to vote, neither for nor against.[↗](../../abstention/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* (formal) Abstention is choosing not to do or have something you might want, like food or alcohol.[↗](../../abstention/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The vote was twelve for, eight against, with three abstentions.[↗](../../abstention/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · Ruby's abstention meant the result was a tie.[↗](../../abstention/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · Abstention from sweets during Lent was hard for Tom.[↗](../../abstention/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · The council counted the abstentions separately.[↗](../../abstention/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · There were no abstentions; everyone voted.[↗](../../abstention/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · In the class vote for the trip, there was one abstention.[↗](../../abstention/#x6 "tree and pragmatics")

**abstract** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* (adjective) Being an idea or feeling rather than a thing you can touch or see: love, fairness and time are abstract.[↗](../../abstract/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* (art) Not showing real things but using shapes, colours and lines: an abstract painting.[↗](../../abstract/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* (noun) A short summary at the start of a science article or report.[↗](../../abstract/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 4:* (verb, formal) To take something out, or to pick out the main ideas.[↗](../../abstract/#m4 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* "Happiness" is an abstract noun.[↗](../../abstract/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · The painting was abstract: just red squares and blue lines.[↗](../../abstract/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · Bravery is abstract; you can't hold it in your hand.[↗](../../abstract/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · Read the abstract to see what the experiment found.[↗](../../abstract/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · Fractions felt very abstract until we used pizza slices.[↗](../../abstract/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · We made abstract art with splashes of paint.[↗](../../abstract/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · "Chair" is concrete, but "comfort" is abstract.[↗](../../abstract/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · \[239\] Kruchina, as an abstract idea, is of the feminine gender.[↗](../../abstract/#x8 "tree and pragmatics")

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