---
title: A — The English dictionary with trees and pragmatics · page 49
description: The 1215 words of the English dictionary under A, every meaning for a pupil and every example with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# A — The English dictionary · page 49

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**artifice** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* A clever trick used to fool people.[↗](../../artifice/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* Clever skill, or a way of doing things that is not natural.[↗](../../artifice/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The fox won by artifice, not strength.[↗](../../artifice/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · She spoke simply, without artifice.[↗](../../artifice/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · The magician's artifice amazed us.[↗](../../artifice/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · Odysseus used artifice to get into Troy.[↗](../../artifice/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · Stage make-up is a kind of artifice.[↗](../../artifice/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · The plan was full of artifice.[↗](../../artifice/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · A LION, unable from old age and infirmities to provide himself with food by force, resolved to do so by artifice.[↗](../../artifice/#x7 "tree and pragmatics")

**artificer** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* An artificer is a skilled craftsman who makes or builds things, especially with metal.[↗](../../artificer/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The artificer hammered the metal into a shield.[↗](../../artificer/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · The Greek god was a famous artificer of metal things.[↗](../../artificer/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · Every village had a skilled artificer who mended the tools.[↗](../../artificer/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · of gold for the things of gold, and of silver for the things of silver, and for all manner of work to be made by the hands of artificers.[↗](../../artificer/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") (Writings 1CH.29.5, JPS 1917)[↗](../../artificer/#x4 "tree and pragmatics")

**artificial** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* Artificial means made by people, not natural.[↗](../../artificial/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* Artificial means a copy of something natural: «artificial flowers».[↗](../../artificial/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* Artificial behaviour is not sincere; fake.[↗](../../artificial/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The pitch is made of artificial grass.[↗](../../artificial/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · Plastic is an artificial material.[↗](../../artificial/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · We read by artificial light at night.[↗](../../artificial/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · Artificial flowers never need water.[↗](../../artificial/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · Artificial intelligence helps computers understand speech.[↗](../../artificial/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · Her smile looked artificial.[↗](../../artificial/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · This drink has no artificial colours.[↗](../../artificial/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · Then the artificial bird had to sing alone.[↗](../../artificial/#x8 "tree and pragmatics")

**artificially** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* Artificially means made or done by people, not by nature.[↗](../../artificially/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* Artificially can mean in a way that is not real or natural, or that is forced.[↗](../../artificially/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The sweets are artificially coloured.[↗](../../artificially/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · This drink is artificially sweetened.[↗](../../artificially/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · The lake was made artificially by building a dam.[↗](../../artificially/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · The diamonds were grown artificially in a lab.[↗](../../artificially/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · The flowers are lit artificially in the greenhouse.[↗](../../artificially/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · Prices were kept artificially low by the government.[↗](../../artificially/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · Her smile looked artificially bright.[↗](../../artificially/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · For the griffin had been artificially made by the King-enchanter, and the two halves had never really got used to each other.[↗](../../artificially/#x8 "tree and pragmatics")

**artillery** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* Artillery means big guns and cannons used in war, and also the soldiers who fire them.[↗](../../artillery/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Early Modern English, meaning 1:* In older English, any weapons that throw or shoot, such as bows and arrows or catapults.[↗](../../artillery/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The artillery fired all night.[↗](../../artillery/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · I heard the roar of heavy artillery.[↗](../../artillery/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · The cannons were stacked near the artillery lines.[↗](../../artillery/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · I heard them coming, and I also at the same time was conscious of a rush of air and a sound like the roar of heavy artillery.[↗](../../artillery/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") (Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Andersen) · At last I fell over the tail-end of a gun, and by that knew I was somewhere near the artillery lines where the cannon were stacked at night.[↗](../../artillery/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") (The Jungle Book)

**artisan** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* An artisan is a skilled worker who makes things by hand, such as a carpenter, potter or weaver.[↗](../../artisan/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* (adjective) Artisan bread, cheese and so on are made by hand in small amounts, in a traditional way.[↗](../../artisan/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The artisan carved a beautiful wooden chair.[↗](../../artisan/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · In medieval towns artisans belonged to guilds.[↗](../../artisan/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · Potters and glassblowers are artisans.[↗](../../artisan/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · We bought artisan bread at the market.[↗](../../artisan/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · The artisan taught his apprentice for seven years.[↗](../../artisan/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · Local artisans sell crafts at the fair.[↗](../../artisan/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · Late one evening a certain artisan happened to be returning home from a jovial feast in a distant village.[↗](../../artisan/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · When people learned of their existence, they all left the original artisan and went to them, honoring them, and negotiating with them in their building enterprises " (Mordell, The Origin of Letters and Numerals according to Sefer Yetzirah (1914))[↗](../../artisan/#x8 "tree and pragmatics")

**artist** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* An artist is a person who paints, draws, makes sculptures or other works of art.[↗](../../artist/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* An artist can also be a performer, such as a singer, musician, actor or dancer.[↗](../../artist/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* An artist can be anyone who does something with great skill, as in «a real artist with a football».[↗](../../artist/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* Van Gogh was a Dutch artist who painted sunflowers.[↗](../../artist/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · My sister wants to be an artist when she grows up.[↗](../../artist/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · A street artist drew a huge chalk picture on the path.[↗](../../artist/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · Every child in our class is an artist in art club.[↗](../../artist/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · The singer is the most famous artist on the show.[↗](../../artist/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · The artist mixed blue and yellow to make green.[↗](../../artist/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · The pictures were drawn by Mr. Kakuzo Fujiyama, a Tokio artist.[↗](../../artist/#x7 "tree and pragmatics")

**artistic** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* Artistic means good at art or creative things like drawing, painting, music or design.[↗](../../artistic/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* Artistic means to do with art or artists.[↗](../../artistic/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* Artistic also means attractive and done with skill and imagination.[↗](../../artistic/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* She is very artistic and loves painting.[↗](../../artistic/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · The display was really artistic.[↗](../../artistic/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · Artistic licence lets writers change facts for a story.[↗](../../artistic/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · He shows great artistic talent.[↗](../../artistic/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · The town has an artistic community.[↗](../../artistic/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · The cake was decorated in an artistic way.[↗](../../artistic/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · Never had so beautiful and so artistic a robe been seen.[↗](../../artistic/#x7 "tree and pragmatics")

**arts** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* The arts are activities like painting, drawing, music, dance, drama, film and writing, where people make things to express ideas and feelings.[↗](../../arts/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* Arts (in school and university) are subjects about people and culture, like history, languages and literature, as opposed to sciences.[↗](../../arts/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* Arts is also the plural of «art», meaning skills: «the arts of cooking and sewing».[↗](../../arts/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* We do arts and crafts every Friday.[↗](../../arts/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · She loves the arts, especially dance and music.[↗](../../arts/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · Karate is one of the martial arts.[↗](../../arts/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · The town has a new arts centre.[↗](../../arts/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · Our school has a performing arts show in the summer.[↗](../../arts/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · My cousin studies arts at university.[↗](../../arts/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · The festival celebrates the arts.[↗](../../arts/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · We made puppets in arts and crafts.[↗](../../arts/#x8 "tree and pragmatics") · And the magicians did in like manner with their secret arts, and brought up frogs upon the land of Egypt.[↗](../../arts/#x9 "tree and pragmatics") (Torah EXO.8.7, JPS 1917)[↗](../../arts/#x9 "tree and pragmatics") · Then Pharaoh also called for the wise men and the sorcerers; and they also, the magicians of Egypt, did in like manner with their secret arts.[↗](../../arts/#x10 "tree and pragmatics") (Torah EXO.7.11, JPS 1917)[↗](../../arts/#x10 "tree and pragmatics") · And the magicians did so with their secret arts to bring forth gnats, but they could not; and there were gnats upon man, and upon beast.[↗](../../arts/#x11 "tree and pragmatics") (Torah EXO.8.18, JPS 1917)[↗](../../arts/#x11 "tree and pragmatics")

**artwork** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* An artwork is a piece of art, such as a painting, drawing, sculpture or collage.[↗](../../artwork/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* Artwork (uncountable) is the pictures and designs in a book, magazine, game, album or poster.[↗](../../artwork/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* Our class artwork is on the wall in the corridor.[↗](../../artwork/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · The museum has artworks from all over the world.[↗](../../artwork/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · Leonardo's Mona Lisa is a famous artwork.[↗](../../artwork/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · I love the artwork in this picture book.[↗](../../artwork/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · She signed her artwork in the corner.[↗](../../artwork/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · The game's artwork was drawn by hand.[↗](../../artwork/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · Please take your artwork home at the end of term.[↗](../../artwork/#x7 "tree and pragmatics")

**arum** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* An arum is a plant with arrow-shaped leaves and a hood-like flower around a spike, such as the arum lily or the wild arum (cuckoo pint, lords and ladies).[↗](../../arum/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* Lords and ladies is a wild arum that grows in hedges.[↗](../../arum/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · Arum berries are poisonous.[↗](../../arum/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · The white arum lily is popular at weddings.[↗](../../arum/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · Flies are attracted to the smelly arum flower.[↗](../../arum/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · Don't pick the arum's red berries.[↗](../../arum/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · Arum lilies grow wild in parts of Australia.[↗](../../arum/#x6 "tree and pragmatics")

**aryan** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* (history) Aryan was an old name for the ancient people who spoke early Indo-Iranian languages in Iran and northern India; «arya» meant «noble» in Sanskrit.[↗](../../aryan/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* (history, Nazi) The Nazis in Germany misused «Aryan» to mean a made-up «master race» of white, often blond, people; this idea was false and cruel and was used to justify the Holocaust.[↗](../../aryan/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* (a name) Aryan (also spelled Aarya or Arian) is also a boy's name in India and elsewhere.[↗](../../aryan/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The Nazis falsely claimed that «Aryans» were better than other people.[↗](../../aryan/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · There is no such thing as a master race.[↗](../../aryan/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · The name Iran comes from an old word linked to «Aryan».[↗](../../aryan/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · In ancient Sanskrit, «arya» meant «noble».[↗](../../aryan/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · Hitler's ideas about an «Aryan race» led to terrible crimes.[↗](../../aryan/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · My classmate's name is Aryan.[↗](../../aryan/#x6 "tree and pragmatics")

**as** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* As means in the role of: she works as a nurse.[↗](../../as/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* As means in the same way or the same amount: as tall as his dad, as many as.[↗](../../as/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* As can mean at the same time: as I walked in, the bell rang.[↗](../../as/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 4:* As can mean because: as it was raining, we stayed inside.[↗](../../as/#m4 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 5:* (casual) In strong chatty talk «as» after a word means «very»: it's cold as, he's mad as (Australia, NZ, UK slang: «sweet as» means great).[↗](../../as/#m5 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 6:* (casual) «As if!» means «that will never happen» or «no way».[↗](../../as/#m6 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 7:* (formal) The exam voice uses «as» in stiff phrases: «as follows», «as stated above», «as specified», «in so far as», «inasmuch as».[↗](../../as/#m7 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* Today's lesson: Multiplying as equal groups.[↗](../../as/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · Lily has as many stickers as Max.[↗](../../as/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · Tom has twice as many marbles as Sue.[↗](../../as/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · As I opened the door, the cat ran out.[↗](../../as/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · He dressed up as a pirate for the party.[↗](../../as/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · You can bring fruits such as apples and grapes.[↗](../../as/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · As it was late, we went straight to bed.[↗](../../as/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · Do it as soon as you can.[↗](../../as/#x8 "tree and pragmatics") · «Can you do the dishes?»[↗](../../as/#x9 "tree and pragmatics") «Sweet as, mate.»[↗](../../as/#x9 "tree and pragmatics") · it's cold as out there, bring ya jacket[↗](../../as/#x10 "tree and pragmatics") · «Your brother will share his chips.»[↗](../../as/#x11 "tree and pragmatics") «As if!»[↗](../../as/#x11 "tree and pragmatics") · The quantities are as follows: Tom possesses twice as many marbles as Sue, who possesses 6.[↗](../../as/#x12 "tree and pragmatics") · All was as still as salt.[↗](../../as/#x13 "tree and pragmatics") · And his sons did unto him according as he commanded them.[↗](../../as/#x14 "tree and pragmatics") (Torah GEN.50.12, JPS 1917)[↗](../../as/#x14 "tree and pragmatics") · And the children of Israel did as the LORD commanded Moses.[↗](../../as/#x15 "tree and pragmatics") (Torah LEV.24.23, JPS 1917)[↗](../../as/#x15 "tree and pragmatics") · But as for you, your carcasses shall fall in this wilderness.[↗](../../as/#x16 "tree and pragmatics") (Torah NUM.14.32, JPS 1917)[↗](../../as/#x16 "tree and pragmatics") · Shall His recompense be as thou wilt?[↗](../../as/#x17 "tree and pragmatics") (Writings JOB.34.33, JPS 1917)[↗](../../as/#x17 "tree and pragmatics") · May his years be as many generations\![↗](../../as/#x18 "tree and pragmatics") (Writings PSA.61.7, JPS 1917)[↗](../../as/#x18 "tree and pragmatics") · How is she become as a widow\![↗](../../as/#x19 "tree and pragmatics") (Writings LAM.1.1, JPS 1917)[↗](../../as/#x19 "tree and pragmatics")

**asap** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* (informal) ASAP stands for «as soon as possible»: very soon, without delay.[↗](../../asap/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* Please reply ASAP.[↗](../../asap/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · Mum said come home ASAP.[↗](../../asap/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · We need more glue ASAP\![↗](../../asap/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · Hand in your forms asap.[↗](../../asap/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · The plumber is coming ASAP to fix the leak.[↗](../../asap/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · Let me know asap if you can come.[↗](../../asap/#x6 "tree and pragmatics")

**ascend** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* (formal) To ascend means to go up, to climb or rise.[↗](../../ascend/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *e.g.* "the balloon ascended into the sky".[↗](../../ascend/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* To ascend the throne means to become king or queen.[↗](../../ascend/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* In ascending order means arranged from the smallest to the largest.[↗](../../ascend/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* Write the numbers in ascending order: 2, 5, 9, 14.[↗](../../ascend/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · The climbers ascended the mountain slowly.[↗](../../ascend/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · The lift ascended to the top floor.[↗](../../ascend/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · The hot-air balloon ascended into the clouds.[↗](../../ascend/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · The prince ascended the throne when the old king died.[↗](../../ascend/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · Sort the heights in ascending order.[↗](../../ascend/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · The path ascends steeply to the castle.[↗](../../ascend/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · She was also going to ascend the mountain.[↗](../../ascend/#x8 "tree and pragmatics") · And he dreamed, and behold a ladder set up on the earth, and the top of it reached to heaven; and behold the angels of God ascending and descending on it.[↗](../../ascend/#x9 "tree and pragmatics") (Torah GEN.28.12, JPS 1917)[↗](../../ascend/#x9 "tree and pragmatics") · Now mount Sinai was altogether on smoke, because the LORD descended upon it in fire; and the smoke thereof ascended as the smoke of a furnace, and the whole mount quaked greatly.[↗](../../ascend/#x10 "tree and pragmatics") (Torah EXO.19.18, JPS 1917)[↗](../../ascend/#x10 "tree and pragmatics") · Who hath ascended up into heaven, and descended?[↗](../../ascend/#x11 "tree and pragmatics") (Writings PRO.30.4, JPS 1917)[↗](../../ascend/#x11 "tree and pragmatics") · I will ascend above the heights of the clouds; I will be like the Most High.'[↗](../../ascend/#x12 "tree and pragmatics") (Prophets ISA.14.14, JPS 1917)[↗](../../ascend/#x12 "tree and pragmatics") · Who shall ascend into the mountain of the LORD? and who shall stand in His holy place?[↗](../../ascend/#x13 "tree and pragmatics") (Writings PSA.24.3, JPS 1917)[↗](../../ascend/#x13 "tree and pragmatics")

**ascender** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* (handwriting, printing) An ascender is the part of a lowercase letter that goes up above the middle of the line, as in b, d, f, h, k, l and t.[↗](../../ascender/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* An ascender is a climbing tool that grips a rope so a climber can go up it.[↗](../../ascender/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* An ascender is a person or thing that goes up.[↗](../../ascender/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The letters b, d and h have ascenders.[↗](../../ascender/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · Make your ascenders tall and straight.[↗](../../ascender/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · The letter «g» has a descender, not an ascender.[↗](../../ascender/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · The climber clipped an ascender onto the rope.[↗](../../ascender/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · Cavers use ascenders to climb out of deep holes.[↗](../../ascender/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · In joined-up writing, loop your ascenders neatly.[↗](../../ascender/#x6 "tree and pragmatics")

**ascension** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* (church, Bible) The Ascension is the event when, Christians believe, Jesus rose up into heaven forty days after he rose from the dead.[↗](../../ascension/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* (formal) An ascension is the act of rising or going up.[↗](../../ascension/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* (formal) Coming to a high position, such as a king coming to the throne (more often «accession»).[↗](../../ascension/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* Christians remember the Ascension of Jesus on Ascension Day.[↗](../../ascension/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · The Bible says Jesus was taken up into a cloud at his Ascension.[↗](../../ascension/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · Our church window shows the Ascension.[↗](../../ascension/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · We watched the slow ascension of the hot-air balloon.[↗](../../ascension/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · Ascension Island is in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean.[↗](../../ascension/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · The climbers' ascension of the mountain took three days.[↗](../../ascension/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · The vicar explained the Ascension to the children.[↗](../../ascension/#x7 "tree and pragmatics")

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