--- title: C — The English dictionary with trees and pragmatics · page 19 description: The 1959 words of the English dictionary under C, every meaning for a pupil and every example with its dependency tree and pragmatics. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/C/page/19/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [dictionaries](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/) / [English dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/) / C # C — The English dictionary · page 19 [A](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/A/) · [B](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/B/) · [C](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/C/) · [D](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/D/) · [E](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/E/) · [F](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/F/) · [G](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/G/) · [H](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/H/) · [I](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/I/) · [J](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/J/) · [K](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/K/) · [L](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/L/) · [M](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/M/) · [N](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/N/) · [O](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/O/) · [P](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/P/) · [Q](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/Q/) · [R](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/R/) · [S](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/S/) · [T](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/T/) · [U](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/U/) · [V](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/V/) · [W](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/W/) · [X](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/X/) · [Y](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/Y/) · [Z](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/Z/) [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/C/) … [18](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/C/page/18/) **19** [20](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/C/page/20/) … [99](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/C/page/99/) **cetacean** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* (science) Any member of the group of sea mammals that includes whales, dolphins and porpoises.[↗](../../cetacean/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* Whales, dolphins and porpoises are all cetaceans.[↗](../../cetacean/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · Cetaceans breathe air through a blowhole.[↗](../../cetacean/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · The blue whale is the biggest cetacean and the biggest animal ever.[↗](../../cetacean/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · A cetacean is a mammal, not a fish.[↗](../../cetacean/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · We saw cetaceans from the boat off the coast of New Zealand.[↗](../../cetacean/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · In the story, the Whale got a grating stuck in his throat.[↗](../../cetacean/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") **cf** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* (formal, writing) Short for the Latin word «confer», meaning «compare»; it tells the reader to look at another thing and compare it with this one.[↗](../../cf/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* Rabbit (cf. hare) is a smaller animal with shorter ears.[↗](../../cf/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · The text says "cf. chapter 3" so I turned to chapter 3.[↗](../../cf/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · The dictionary wrote "cf. affect" next to "effect".[↗](../../cf/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · In the notes it said: warm-blooded, cf. cold-blooded.[↗](../../cf/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · Cf. means "compare", not "see also" exactly.[↗](../../cf/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · The teacher wrote "cf. last week's poem" on the board.[↗](../../cf/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · In the Bahir, the Thirty-Two Ways are associated with the gematria value of לֵב lev ‘heart’ (\[Bahir 63\], \[Bahir 95\] inter alia cf.[↗](../../cf/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") (Sefer Yetzirah, Sefaria community translation)[↗](../../cf/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · On one level, it refers to the individual person or creature, i.e., ‘that which has breath’, similar to the term נְשָׁמָה neshamah (cf.[↗](../../cf/#x8 "tree and pragmatics") \[Psalm 150:6\]), and might be translated ‘person, individual, being’.[↗](../../cf/#x8 "tree and pragmatics") (Sefer Yetzirah, Sefaria community translation)[↗](../../cf/#x8 "tree and pragmatics") · Most literally, it means ‘waste(land)’, the lifeless open desert, a translation of \[Genesis 1:2\] so far captured in English only by Robert Alter’s The Hebrew Bible (2019), who poetically renders תֹהוּ וָבֹהוּ tohu vavohu as “waste and welter”; cf.[↗](../../cf/#x9 "tree and pragmatics") (Sefer Yetzirah, Sefaria community translation)[↗](../../cf/#x9 "tree and pragmatics") **chad** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* Chad is a large country in north-central Africa; its capital is N'Djamena and much of the north is Sahara desert.[↗](../../chad/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* Chad is a man's name (a name).[↗](../../chad/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* A chad is the tiny bit of paper punched out when you make a hole in a card or ballot paper.[↗](../../chad/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 4:* (slang, internet) A «Chad» is a joke name for a confident, sporty, popular young man.[↗](../../chad/#m4 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* Chad is a country in Africa with no coastline.[↗](../../chad/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · Lake Chad has become much smaller.[↗](../../chad/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · My cousin Chad plays rugby.[↗](../../chad/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · The hole punch left little chads all over the desk.[↗](../../chad/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · Online, some people call a show-off «a Chad».[↗](../../chad/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · We found Chad on the map, south of Libya.[↗](../../chad/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") **chafed** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* To chafe is to rub the skin until it becomes sore or raw.[↗](../../chafed/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* To be chafed is to be annoyed or irritated by something.[↗](../../chafed/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The crown chafed her forehead.[↗](../../chafed/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · The skin on the dog's neck was chafed and sore.[↗](../../chafed/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · His collar chafed all day.[↗](../../chafed/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") **chaff** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* The dry husks (outer cases) of grain such as wheat, separated from the seeds when farmers thresh it.[↗](../../chaff/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* Cut hay or straw used as animal food.[↗](../../chaff/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* Something useless or worthless: «separate the wheat from the chaff» means keep the good and throw out the bad.[↗](../../chaff/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 4:* (old-fashioned) Friendly teasing; to chaff someone means to tease them in fun.[↗](../../chaff/#m4 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The farmer threw the grain into the air and the wind blew the chaff away.[↗](../../chaff/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · Horses eat chaff mixed with oats.[↗](../../chaff/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · We must sort the wheat from the chaff in these ideas.[↗](../../chaff/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · The psalm says the wicked are like chaff that the wind blows away.[↗](../../chaff/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · The older boys chaffed him about his new hat.[↗](../../chaff/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · Chaff from the threshing machine covered the barn floor.[↗](../../chaff/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · Consequently, not knowing what had happened, he and the vizier's son walked away, the vizier's son chaffing him because he had missed the bird.[↗](../../chaff/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · Not so the wicked; but they are like the chaff which the wind driveth away.[↗](../../chaff/#x8 "tree and pragmatics") (Writings PSA.1.4, JPS 1917)[↗](../../chaff/#x8 "tree and pragmatics") · Let them be as chaff before the wind, the angel of the LORD thrusting them.[↗](../../chaff/#x9 "tree and pragmatics") (Writings PSA.35.5, JPS 1917)[↗](../../chaff/#x9 "tree and pragmatics") · That they are as stubble before the wind, and as chaff that the storm stealeth away?[↗](../../chaff/#x10 "tree and pragmatics") (Writings JOB.21.18, JPS 1917)[↗](../../chaff/#x10 "tree and pragmatics") **chaffinch** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* A chaffinch is a small songbird with a bright, colourful breast, common in Britain and Europe.[↗](../../chaffinch/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* Blackbird, thrush, and chaffinch gay, haste away\![↗](../../chaffinch/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · Catch the Chaffinch-on-the-Wing.[↗](../../chaffinch/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · A chaffinch sang in the hedge.[↗](../../chaffinch/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") **chagrin** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* Chagrin is a feeling of being annoyed and disappointed because something has not gone the way you wanted.[↗](../../chagrin/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* To his great chagrin, he could find no fault with her.[↗](../../chagrin/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · She hid her chagrin when she lost the race.[↗](../../chagrin/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") **chain** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* A chain is a row of metal rings, called links, joined together.[↗](../../chain/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* A chain is a row of things joined or following one another, like a chain of islands or a food chain.[↗](../../chain/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* A chain is a group of shops or hotels with the same name.[↗](../../chain/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 4:* To chain is to tie up with a chain.[↗](../../chain/#m4 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 5:* A chain gang is a group of prisoners who are chained together while they work.[↗](../../chain/#m5 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* A paper chain has 40 links.[↗](../../chain/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · She adds 5 links each day.[↗](../../chain/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · Each link is 2 cm long.[↗](../../chain/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · How long is a chain of 10 links?[↗](../../chain/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · Grass, rabbit, fox: that is a food chain.[↗](../../chain/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · He chained his bike to the fence.[↗](../../chain/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · She wears a gold chain around her neck.[↗](../../chain/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · The shop is part of a big chain.[↗](../../chain/#x8 "tree and pragmatics") · Hold hands to make a human chain.[↗](../../chain/#x9 "tree and pragmatics") · One fall started a chain reaction of dominoes.[↗](../../chain/#x10 "tree and pragmatics") · "He isn't chained up yet," said Johnnie.[↗](../../chain/#x11 "tree and pragmatics") · And they made upon the breastplate plaited chains, of wreathen work of pure gold.[↗](../../chain/#x12 "tree and pragmatics") (Torah EXO.39.15, JPS 1917)[↗](../../chain/#x12 "tree and pragmatics") · And thou shalt make upon the breastplate plaited chains of wreathen work of pure gold.[↗](../../chain/#x13 "tree and pragmatics") (Torah EXO.28.22, JPS 1917)[↗](../../chain/#x13 "tree and pragmatics") · And they put the two wreathen chains of gold on the two rings at the ends of the breastplate.[↗](../../chain/#x14 "tree and pragmatics") (Torah EXO.39.17, JPS 1917)[↗](../../chain/#x14 "tree and pragmatics") · To bind their kings with chains, and their nobles with fetters of iron; (Writings PSA.149.8, JPS 1917)[↗](../../chain/#x15 "tree and pragmatics") · Canst thou bind the chains of the Pleiades, or loose the bands of Orion?[↗](../../chain/#x16 "tree and pragmatics") (Writings JOB.38.31, JPS 1917)[↗](../../chain/#x16 "tree and pragmatics") · Therefore pride is as a chain about their neck; violence covereth them as a garment.[↗](../../chain/#x17 "tree and pragmatics") (Writings PSA.73.6, JPS 1917)[↗](../../chain/#x17 "tree and pragmatics") **chainsaw** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* A chainsaw is a powerful handheld saw with a motor that drives a loop of sharp teeth (a chain) round a metal bar, used to cut down trees and cut logs.[↗](../../chainsaw/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* To chainsaw something is to cut it with a chainsaw.[↗](../../chainsaw/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The tree surgeon cut the fallen branch with a chainsaw.[↗](../../chainsaw/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · We could hear a chainsaw buzzing in the woods.[↗](../../chainsaw/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · Chainsaws are very dangerous, so stay far away.[↗](../../chainsaw/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · He wore ear defenders because chainsaws are so loud.[↗](../../chainsaw/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · The artist used a chainsaw to carve a bear from a log.[↗](../../chainsaw/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · After the storm, neighbours chainsawed the fallen tree.[↗](../../chainsaw/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · Dad sharpens the chainsaw's chain before cutting firewood.[↗](../../chainsaw/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") **chair** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* A chair is a seat for one person, with a back and usually four legs.[↗](../../chair/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* The chair (chairperson) is the person who runs a meeting.[↗](../../chair/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* To chair a meeting is to lead it.[↗](../../chair/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* There are 6 rows of 8 chairs.[↗](../../chair/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · Each table has 4 chairs.[↗](../../chair/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · 30 people and 25 chairs: how many must stand?[↗](../../chair/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · A chair costs 20 dollars.[↗](../../chair/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · Push your chair in when you leave.[↗](../../chair/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · We played musical chairs at the party.[↗](../../chair/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · Grandpa sat in his armchair.[↗](../../chair/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · She uses a wheelchair to get around.[↗](../../chair/#x8 "tree and pragmatics") · The baby ate in her high chair.[↗](../../chair/#x9 "tree and pragmatics") · Don't lean back on your chair.[↗](../../chair/#x10 "tree and pragmatics") · ‘Who’s been sitting on my little chair?’[↗](../../chair/#x11 "tree and pragmatics") · Lecture before the Hermetic Society of London in the summer of 1886, Dr. Anna Kingsford, President, in the chair.[↗](../../chair/#x12 "tree and pragmatics") (Sefer Yetzirah, Westcott 1893)[↗](../../chair/#x12 "tree and pragmatics") · The substance of this little volume was read as a \[p. 13\] Lecture before the Hermetic Society of London in the summer of 1886, Dr. Anna Kingsford, President, in the chair.[↗](../../chair/#x13 "tree and pragmatics") (Sefer Yetzirah, Westcott 1893)[↗](../../chair/#x13 "tree and pragmatics") **chairman** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* A person who leads a meeting or a committee and keeps order, deciding who speaks.[↗](../../chairman/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* The person in charge of the board of a company, club or organisation.[↗](../../chairman/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The chairman asked everyone to sit down.[↗](../../chairman/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · Our class chose Priya as chair of the school council.[↗](../../chairman/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · The chairman of the football club gave a speech.[↗](../../chairman/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · «Order, please!» said the chairman.[↗](../../chairman/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · The chairwoman thanked everyone for coming.[↗](../../chairman/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · The chairman counted the votes for each idea.[↗](../../chairman/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") **chairmanship** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* The job of being the chair (chairman or chairwoman) of a meeting, committee or company.[↗](../../chairmanship/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* The time during which someone has that job.[↗](../../chairmanship/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* The skill of running a meeting well.[↗](../../chairmanship/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* Under her chairmanship, the club raised a lot of money.[↗](../../chairmanship/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · He was offered the chairmanship of the football club.[↗](../../chairmanship/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · The chairmanship of the school council changes each term.[↗](../../chairmanship/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · Good chairmanship means letting everyone speak.[↗](../../chairmanship/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · During his chairmanship, the company grew quickly.[↗](../../chairmanship/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · She stepped down from the chairmanship after ten years.[↗](../../chairmanship/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") **chaise** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* In old times, a light carriage with two or four wheels, pulled by one horse, often with a folding hood.[↗](../../chaise/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* (in «chaise longue») a long chair or sofa with a back at one end where you can put your legs up.[↗](../../chaise/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The doctor arrived in a small chaise pulled by a grey pony.[↗](../../chaise/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · In the old story the lady rode to town in her chaise.[↗](../../chaise/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · The chaise rattled along the country lane.[↗](../../chaise/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · Grandma has a velvet chaise longue in her sitting room.[↗](../../chaise/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · A chaise was cheaper than a big coach.[↗](../../chaise/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · The horse stopped and the chaise tipped forward.[↗](../../chaise/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · In history we drew a picture of a chaise.[↗](../../chaise/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · He lay back on the chaise longue with a book.[↗](../../chaise/#x8 "tree and pragmatics") · It was his opinion that he had really made as great a journey as if he had travelled in a steamship, a railway carriage, or a post-chaise.[↗](../../chaise/#x9 "tree and pragmatics") **chaldean** — *In Jewish tradition, meaning 1:* A person from Chaldea, the land in southern Babylonia, or a member of the people who ruled Babylon.[↗](../../chaldean/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* In that night Belshazzar the Chaldean king was slain.[↗](../../chaldean/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") (Writings DAN.5.30, JPS 1917)[↗](../../chaldean/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · But because that our fathers had provoked the God of heaven, He gave them into the hand of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, the Chaldean, who destroyed this house, and carried the people away into Babylon.[↗](../../chaldean/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") (Writings EZR.5.12, JPS 1917)[↗](../../chaldean/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") **chaldee** — *In Jewish tradition, meaning 1:* The ancient language of Chaldea, or Babylonia, also called Aramaic; a person from Chaldea.[↗](../../chaldee/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The planet names here given are Chaldee words.[↗](../../chaldee/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") (Sefer Yetzirah, Westcott 1893)[↗](../../chaldee/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · ShMA is in Chaldee a name for the Trinity (Parkhurst).[↗](../../chaldee/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") (Sefer Yetzirah, Westcott 1893)[↗](../../chaldee/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") **chalk** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* Chalk is a soft white rock made from tiny shells of sea creatures.[↗](../../chalk/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* Chalk is a stick made of this or similar stuff, used for writing on a blackboard or drawing on the ground.[↗](../../chalk/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* To chalk something is to write or draw it with chalk.[↗](../../chalk/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The teacher wrote on the board with chalk.[↗](../../chalk/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · We drew a hopscotch grid with chalk.[↗](../../chalk/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · Can I have a piece of chalk?[↗](../../chalk/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · The White Cliffs of Dover are made of chalk.[↗](../../chalk/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · Chalk is a soft rock.[↗](../../chalk/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · The twins are like chalk and cheese.[↗](../../chalk/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · Our team chalked up another win.[↗](../../chalk/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · He sat down to work out his sum with a piece of chalk on a smooth stone.[↗](../../chalk/#x8 "tree and pragmatics") **chalkstone** — *In Jewish tradition, meaning 1:* A piece of soft white limestone, chalk, that crumbles easily.[↗](../../chalkstone/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") **chalky** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* Containing chalk or made of chalk, as in «chalky soil» or «chalky cliffs».[↗](../../chalky/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* White and pale like chalk, as in «a chalky face».[↗](../../chalky/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* Dry and powdery, as in «chalky tablets».[↗](../../chalky/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The White Cliffs of Dover are chalky.[↗](../../chalky/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · After drawing on the pavement, my hands were chalky.[↗](../../chalky/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · His face went chalky white when he saw the spider.[↗](../../chalky/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · Some plants grow well in chalky soil.[↗](../../chalky/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · The medicine tasted dry and chalky.[↗](../../chalky/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · Chalky water leaves white marks on the kettle.[↗](../../chalky/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") **challenge** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* A challenge is a hard task or contest that tests how good or strong you are.[↗](../../challenge/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* To challenge someone is to invite them to a contest: «I challenge you to a race».[↗](../../challenge/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* To challenge something is to question whether it is right or true.[↗](../../challenge/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The reading challenge is 100 books.[↗](../../challenge/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · She did 20 push-ups in the challenge.[↗](../../challenge/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · How many more to finish the challenge?[↗](../../challenge/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · Challenge: find the missing number.[↗](../../challenge/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · Learning to swim was a big challenge for him.[↗](../../challenge/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · I challenge you to a race to the tree\![↗](../../challenge/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · She rose to the challenge and won.[↗](../../challenge/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · It's OK to challenge an idea if you have a reason.[↗](../../challenge/#x8 "tree and pragmatics") · The puzzle was very challenging.[↗](../../challenge/#x9 "tree and pragmatics") · Online «challenges» that are dangerous should never be tried.[↗](../../challenge/#x10 "tree and pragmatics") · The giantess was delighted, and challenged him to wrestle with her.[↗](../../challenge/#x11 "tree and pragmatics") **challenger** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* A person or team that tries to beat the champion or winner in a competition.[↗](../../challenger/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* A person who questions whether something is right or true.[↗](../../challenger/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The young challenger beat the champion in the final.[↗](../../challenger/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · A new challenger has entered the chess club.[↗](../../challenger/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · The challenger trained hard for the boxing match.[↗](../../challenger/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · She was a strong challenger for the title.[↗](../../challenger/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · In the election, the challenger won more votes.[↗](../../challenger/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · Every challenger must pass three tests.[↗](../../challenger/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · The challenger questioned the referee's decision.[↗](../../challenger/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") **challenging** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* hard, needing effort or skill (a challenging puzzle).[↗](../../challenging/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* (euphemism, jargon) bad, very difficult, troublesome: a «challenging child» = badly behaved; a «challenging year» = an awful one.[↗](../../challenging/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* questioning or confronting (a challenging look).[↗](../../challenging/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* This is a challenging maths problem; take your time.[↗](../../challenging/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · The company had a challenging year (it lost a lot of money).[↗](../../challenging/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · The class has some challenging behaviour (some pupils misbehave).[↗](../../challenging/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · Climbing the mountain was challenging but fun.[↗](../../challenging/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · He gave the teacher a challenging stare.[↗](../../challenging/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · The news report called the weather «challenging»: a storm closed the roads.[↗](../../challenging/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · Report: «Sam can find group work challenging.»[↗](../../challenging/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") **chamber** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* A room, especially a large one used for a special purpose (council chamber).[↗](../../chamber/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* (old) A bedroom or private room.[↗](../../chamber/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* A closed space inside the body, a machine or a plant (the heart has four chambers).[↗](../../chamber/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 4:* A group of lawmakers, such as one house of a parliament.[↗](../../chamber/#m4 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 5:* Chambers (UK): a judge's or lawyers' offices.[↗](../../chamber/#m5 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The heart has four chambers.[↗](../../chamber/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · Explorers found a hidden chamber in the pyramid.[↗](../../chamber/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · The queen rested in her chamber.[↗](../../chamber/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · The council meets in the town chamber.[↗](../../chamber/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · Chamber music is played by a small group.[↗](../../chamber/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · The cave opened into a huge chamber.[↗](../../chamber/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · And he followed Luned to the chamber of her mistress.[↗](../../chamber/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · Without shall the sword bereave, and in the chambers terror; slaying both young man and virgin, the suckling with the man of gray hairs.[↗](../../chamber/#x8 "tree and pragmatics") (Torah DEU.32.25, JPS 1917)[↗](../../chamber/#x8 "tree and pragmatics") · And Joseph made haste; for his heart yearned toward his brother; and he sought where to weep; and he entered into his chamber, and wept there.[↗](../../chamber/#x9 "tree and pragmatics") (Torah GEN.43.30, JPS 1917)[↗](../../chamber/#x9 "tree and pragmatics") · And he went after the man of Israel into the chamber, and thrust both of them through, the man of Israel, and the woman through her belly.[↗](../../chamber/#x10 "tree and pragmatics") (Torah NUM.25.8, JPS 1917)[↗](../../chamber/#x10 "tree and pragmatics") · And he overlaid the upper chambers with gold.[↗](../../chamber/#x11 "tree and pragmatics") (Writings 2CH.3.9, JPS 1917)[↗](../../chamber/#x11 "tree and pragmatics") · Now she had liers-in-wait abiding in the inner chamber.[↗](../../chamber/#x12 "tree and pragmatics") (Prophets JDG.16.9, JPS 1917)[↗](../../chamber/#x12 "tree and pragmatics") · Their land swarmed with frogs, in the chambers of their kings.[↗](../../chamber/#x13 "tree and pragmatics") (Writings PSA.105.30, JPS 1917)[↗](../../chamber/#x13 "tree and pragmatics") [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/C/) … [18](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/C/page/18/) **19** [20](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/C/page/20/) … [99](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/C/page/99/) - ← previous: [page 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