---
title: D — The English dictionary with trees and pragmatics · page 32
description: The 1197 words of the English dictionary under D, every meaning for a pupil and every example with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# D — The English dictionary · page 32

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**diplomat** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* A person who represents their country in another country and helps the two governments talk and agree.[↗](../../diplomat/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* Someone who is tactful: good at dealing with people without upsetting them.[↗](../../diplomat/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The diplomat worked at the embassy in Paris.[↗](../../diplomat/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · Diplomats met to try to stop the war.[↗](../../diplomat/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · Her mum is a diplomat, so they have lived in four countries.[↗](../../diplomat/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · Jack is a diplomat; he always stops fights in the playground.[↗](../../diplomat/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · The diplomats signed a peace treaty.[↗](../../diplomat/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · Be a diplomat and tell her kindly that her song was too long.[↗](../../diplomat/#x6 "tree and pragmatics")

**diplomatic** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* Diplomatic means to do with diplomats: people who work for their country in other countries and help countries talk to each other.[↗](../../diplomatic/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* Diplomatic means careful and polite, saying things in a way that does not upset people.[↗](../../diplomatic/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The two countries held diplomatic talks about the border.[↗](../../diplomatic/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · The embassy is a diplomatic building.[↗](../../diplomatic/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · When Gran asked about her cake, I gave a diplomatic answer.[↗](../../diplomatic/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · Be diplomatic when you tell your friend her drawing has a mistake.[↗](../../diplomatic/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · The countries ended diplomatic relations after the quarrel.[↗](../../diplomatic/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · Diplomats have a diplomatic passport.[↗](../../diplomatic/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · When war came into the country, he had gone on a diplomatic career to foreign courts.[↗](../../diplomatic/#x7 "tree and pragmatics")

**diplomatically** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* In a tactful way, careful not to upset or offend people.[↗](../../diplomatically/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* By means of diplomacy, the work of governments talking and agreeing with each other.[↗](../../diplomatically/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* She diplomatically said the cake was «interesting».[↗](../../diplomatically/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · The teacher dealt with the argument diplomatically.[↗](../../diplomatically/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · The two countries settled the quarrel diplomatically.[↗](../../diplomatically/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · Dad diplomatically changed the subject.[↗](../../diplomatically/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · Badger answered Toad diplomatically, so as not to make him angry.[↗](../../diplomatically/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · I diplomatically suggested we take turns.[↗](../../diplomatically/#x6 "tree and pragmatics")

**dipped** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* If you dipped something, you put it into a liquid and took it out quickly.[↗](../../dipped/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* If something dipped, it went down a little: the temperature dipped.[↗](../../dipped/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* Dipped headlights are car lights angled down.[↗](../../dipped/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* She dipped her biscuit in her tea.[↗](../../dipped/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · The temperature dipped below zero.[↗](../../dipped/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · He dipped his toe in the pool.[↗](../../dipped/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · The sun dipped behind the hills.[↗](../../dipped/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · I dipped my brush in the blue paint.[↗](../../dipped/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · Sales dipped in winter.[↗](../../dipped/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · Into this they also dipped a dry stick, and immediately it burst into flower.[↗](../../dipped/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · And they took Joseph's coat, and killed a he-goat, and dipped the coat in the blood; (Torah GEN.37.31, JPS 1917)[↗](../../dipped/#x8 "tree and pragmatics") · And the sons of Aaron presented the blood unto him; and he dipped his finger in the blood, and put it upon the horns of the altar, and poured out the blood at the base of the altar.[↗](../../dipped/#x9 "tree and pragmatics") (Torah LEV.9.9, JPS 1917)[↗](../../dipped/#x9 "tree and pragmatics") · And it came to pass on the morrow, that he took the coverlet, and dipped it in water, and spread it on his face, so that he died; and Hazael reigned in his stead.[↗](../../dipped/#x10 "tree and pragmatics") (Prophets 2KI.8.15, JPS 1917)[↗](../../dipped/#x10 "tree and pragmatics") · Then went he down, and dipped himself seven times in the Jordan, according to the saying of the man of God; and his flesh came back like unto the flesh of a little child, and he was clean.[↗](../../dipped/#x11 "tree and pragmatics") (Prophets 2KI.5.14, JPS 1917)[↗](../../dipped/#x11 "tree and pragmatics")

**dipper** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* A small bird that lives by fast streams and walks or dives under water to catch insects.[↗](../../dipper/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* A ladle or cup with a long handle for scooping water.[↗](../../dipper/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* (the Big Dipper, the Little Dipper) Groups of stars shaped like a ladle; in the UK the Big Dipper is called the Plough.[↗](../../dipper/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 4:* (UK) A roller-coaster ride at a fair; a «big dipper».[↗](../../dipper/#m4 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* A dipper bobbed on a rock in the stream.[↗](../../dipper/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · We watched the dipper walk right under the water.[↗](../../dipper/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · Use the dipper to scoop water from the barrel.[↗](../../dipper/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · On a clear night we found the Big Dipper.[↗](../../dipper/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · In the UK, the Big Dipper is called the Plough.[↗](../../dipper/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · We rode the big dipper at the fair and screamed.[↗](../../dipper/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · The pointer stars of the Big Dipper lead to the North Star.[↗](../../dipper/#x7 "tree and pragmatics")

**dire** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* Dire means very serious or terrible, often dangerous.[↗](../../dire/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* Dire needs or situations are extremely urgent.[↗](../../dire/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* (UK, informal) Dire means very bad or of low quality.[↗](../../dire/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The village was in dire need of clean water after the flood.[↗](../../dire/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · The scientists gave a dire warning about the melting ice.[↗](../../dire/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · If you break the rules, there will be dire consequences, the wizard said.[↗](../../dire/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · After losing his job, the family was in dire straits.[↗](../../dire/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · That film was absolutely dire — I fell asleep.[↗](../../dire/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · The weather was dire all weekend.[↗](../../dire/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · The lost sailors were in a dire situation.[↗](../../dire/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · It was a high compliment to Peter that at that dire moment their thoughts turned to him.[↗](../../dire/#x8 "tree and pragmatics")

**direct** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* Direct means going straight from one place to another without stopping or turning.[↗](../../direct/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *e.g.* "a direct flight".[↗](../../direct/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* Direct means with nothing or nobody in between.[↗](../../direct/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *e.g.* "direct sunlight", "direct contact".[↗](../../direct/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* A direct person says exactly what they mean, plainly.[↗](../../direct/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 4:* (verb) To direct someone means to tell or show them the way.[↗](../../direct/#m4 "tree and pragmatics") *e.g.* "can you direct me to the station?"[↗](../../direct/#m4 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 5:* (verb) To direct means to manage or control, and to direct a film or play means to be in charge of the actors.[↗](../../direct/#m5 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 6:* (verb) To direct something at someone means to aim it at them.[↗](../../direct/#m6 "tree and pragmatics") *e.g.* "his question was directed at me".[↗](../../direct/#m6 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* We took a direct train to London.[↗](../../direct/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · Never look directly at the sun.[↗](../../direct/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · Keep the plant out of direct sunlight.[↗](../../direct/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · "Please be direct: did you take it?"[↗](../../direct/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · Could you direct me to the library?[↗](../../direct/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · She directed the school play.[↗](../../direct/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · The police officer directed the traffic.[↗](../../direct/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · "I like cake," said Tom — that is direct speech.[↗](../../direct/#x8 "tree and pragmatics") · I will direct you if you have a mind to see it."[↗](../../direct/#x9 "tree and pragmatics") · The Thirty-second Path is the Administrative Intelligence, and it is so called because it directs and associates, in all their operations, the seven planets, even all of them in their own due courses.[↗](../../direct/#x10 "tree and pragmatics") (Sefer Yetzirah, Westcott 1887)[↗](../../direct/#x10 "tree and pragmatics") · The Thirty-second Path is the Administrative Intel- ligence, and it is so called because it directs and asso- ciates in all their operations the seven planets, even all of them in their own due courses.[↗](../../direct/#x11 "tree and pragmatics") (Sefer Yetzirah, Westcott 1893)[↗](../../direct/#x11 "tree and pragmatics") · In all thy ways acknowledge Him, and He will direct thy paths.[↗](../../direct/#x12 "tree and pragmatics") (Writings PRO.3.6, JPS 1917)[↗](../../direct/#x12 "tree and pragmatics") · Go thee one way to the right, or direct thyself to the left; whither is thy face set?[↗](../../direct/#x13 "tree and pragmatics") (Prophets EZK.21.21, JPS 1917)[↗](../../direct/#x13 "tree and pragmatics") · LORD, Thou hast heard the desire of the humble: Thou wilt direct their heart, Thou wilt cause Thine ear to attend; (Writings PSA.10.17, JPS 1917)[↗](../../direct/#x14 "tree and pragmatics")

**directed** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* Directed is the past of direct: told someone the way, or told people what to do.[↗](../../directed/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* Pointed or aimed at someone or something: «the question was directed at me».[↗](../../directed/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* Was in charge of making a film, play or show.[↗](../../directed/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 4:* (maths, science) A directed number has a sign, + or −, showing which way it goes.[↗](../../directed/#m4 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 5:* A directed route is one you have been told to follow, or a path you have chosen to walk, towards a place.[↗](../../directed/#m5 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The police officer directed the cars around the crash.[↗](../../directed/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · The film was directed by a famous director.[↗](../../directed/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · Take this medicine as directed by your doctor.[↗](../../directed/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · Her angry look was directed at her brother.[↗](../../directed/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · A kind lady directed us to the station.[↗](../../directed/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · In maths, −5 and +3 are directed numbers.[↗](../../directed/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · The teacher directed the class to line up.[↗](../../directed/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · At daylight we wandered inland, and soon saw some huts, to which we directed our steps.[↗](../../directed/#x8 "tree and pragmatics") · Oh that my ways were directed to observe Thy statutes\![↗](../../directed/#x9 "tree and pragmatics") (Writings PSA.119.5, JPS 1917)[↗](../../directed/#x9 "tree and pragmatics") · For he hath not directed his words against me; neither will I answer him with your speeches.[↗](../../directed/#x10 "tree and pragmatics") (Writings JOB.32.14, JPS 1917)[↗](../../directed/#x10 "tree and pragmatics")

**direction** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* A direction is the way something goes, faces or points, like north, left, up or forwards.[↗](../../direction/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* Directions are instructions that tell you how to get somewhere, or how to do something.[↗](../../direction/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* Direction is also leading or guiding people, like a film director does.[↗](../../direction/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* Two cars go in opposite directions.[↗](../../direction/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · They walk in the same direction.[↗](../../direction/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · Which direction is north?[↗](../../direction/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · Follow the directions on the map.[↗](../../direction/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · Can you give me directions to the station?[↗](../../direction/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · Read the directions before you start the test.[↗](../../direction/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · The wind changed direction.[↗](../../direction/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · She has a good sense of direction and never gets lost.[↗](../../direction/#x8 "tree and pragmatics") · He selected three letters from the simple ones, and sealed them as forming his great Name, I H V and he sealed the universe in six directions.[↗](../../direction/#x9 "tree and pragmatics") (Sefer Yetzirah, Westcott 1887)[↗](../../direction/#x9 "tree and pragmatics") · Their development in three directions is pointed out, namely in the Macrocosm or Universe ; in the Year or in Time ; and in the Microcosm or Man.[↗](../../direction/#x10 "tree and pragmatics") (Sefer Yetzirah, Westcott 1893)[↗](../../direction/#x10 "tree and pragmatics") · These symbolize also twelve directions in space: northeast, southeast, the east above, the east below, the northwest, southwest, the west above, the west below, the upper south, the lower south, the upper north, the lower north.[↗](../../direction/#x11 "tree and pragmatics") (Sefer Yetzirah, Westcott 1887)[↗](../../direction/#x11 "tree and pragmatics") · Where no wise direction is, a people falleth; but in the multitude of counsellors there is safety.[↗](../../direction/#x12 "tree and pragmatics") (Writings PRO.11.14, JPS 1917)[↗](../../direction/#x12 "tree and pragmatics") · of the sons of Asaph: Zaccur, and Joseph, and Nethaniah, and Asarelah, the sons of Asaph; under the hand of Asaph, who prophesied according to the direction of the king.[↗](../../direction/#x13 "tree and pragmatics") (Writings 1CH.25.2, JPS 1917)[↗](../../direction/#x13 "tree and pragmatics")

**directly** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* Directly means going straight to a place or person, without stopping or turning off.[↗](../../directly/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* Directly means with nothing or nobody in between, like talking directly to someone.[↗](../../directly/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* Directly means exactly, like directly opposite or directly above.[↗](../../directly/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 4:* Directly (mainly British, a bit old-fashioned) means immediately or very soon.[↗](../../directly/#m4 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* Never look directly at the Sun.[↗](../../directly/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · The library is directly opposite the school.[↗](../../directly/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · Come directly home after the club.[↗](../../directly/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · You can ask the teacher directly.[↗](../../directly/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · The light is directly above the table.[↗](../../directly/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · Rain fell directly into the bucket.[↗](../../directly/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · The bus goes directly to the station.[↗](../../directly/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · I'll be there directly.[↗](../../directly/#x8 "tree and pragmatics") · A large yellow sun hung directly overhead.[↗](../../directly/#x9 "tree and pragmatics") · Thou hast a beloved one in the world, wilt thou conceal anythinij from him ?"[↗](../../directly/#x10 "tree and pragmatics") Directly, the Holy On blessed be He said, 'Shall I conceal from Abraham?' and consulted the Torah.[↗](../../directly/#x10 "tree and pragmatics") (Mordell, The Origin of Letters and Numerals according to Sefer Yetzirah (1914))[↗](../../directly/#x10 "tree and pragmatics")

**director** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* A director is the person in charge of making a film, play or TV programme who tells the actors and crew what to do.[↗](../../director/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* A director is one of the people who run a company or a large organisation.[↗](../../director/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* A director is the head of a department or project.[↗](../../director/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *e.g.* "the museum director", "the director of music".[↗](../../director/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The director shouted "Action!"[↗](../../director/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · Our music teacher is the director of the school choir.[↗](../../director/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · Steven Spielberg is a famous film director.[↗](../../director/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · The company has five directors.[↗](../../director/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · The museum director showed us the dinosaur bones.[↗](../../director/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · The funeral director arranged everything kindly.[↗](../../director/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · She wants to be a theatre director when she grows up.[↗](../../director/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · He was a director of a theatre, a manager of masked balls, and a leader of all the amusements we can imagine.[↗](../../director/#x8 "tree and pragmatics")

**directory** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* A directory is a book or list of names, addresses and numbers, arranged in order so people can look them up.[↗](../../directory/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* On a computer, a directory is a folder that holds files.[↗](../../directory/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* Look the shop up in the phone directory.[↗](../../directory/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · His name is certain to be in the Directory.[↗](../../directory/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · The file is saved in a directory on the computer.[↗](../../directory/#x3 "tree and pragmatics")

**dirge** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* A dirge is a slow, sad song sung for someone who has died.[↗](../../dirge/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The people sang a dirge for the dead king.[↗](../../dirge/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · The Muses chanted a funeral dirge.[↗](../../dirge/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · She sang a low dirge over the fallen rover.[↗](../../dirge/#x3 "tree and pragmatics")

**dirt** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* Dirt is anything that makes things unclean, like mud, dust or grease.[↗](../../dirt/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* Dirt is loose earth or soil.[↗](../../dirt/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* Dirt about someone is gossip or bad secret information (informal).[↗](../../dirt/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* Wash the dirt off your hands before dinner.[↗](../../dirt/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · The boys came home covered in dirt.[↗](../../dirt/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · We planted seeds in the dirt.[↗](../../dirt/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · The car bumped along a dirt road.[↗](../../dirt/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · There's dirt under your fingernails.[↗](../../dirt/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · Worms live in the dirt.[↗](../../dirt/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · Its china label was quite coated over with dirt and cobwebs.[↗](../../dirt/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · But the wicked are like the troubled sea; for it cannot rest, and its waters cast up mire and dirt.[↗](../../dirt/#x8 "tree and pragmatics") (Prophets ISA.57.20, JPS 1917)[↗](../../dirt/#x8 "tree and pragmatics")

**dirtiness** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* The state of being dirty: covered in mud, dust or germs.[↗](../../dirtiness/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* Being unfair or dishonest, as in a dirty trick (less common).[↗](../../dirtiness/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The dirtiness of the river worried the scientists.[↗](../../dirtiness/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · We were shocked by the dirtiness of the old shed.[↗](../../dirtiness/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · Dirtiness in a kitchen can make people ill.[↗](../../dirtiness/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · The dirtiness of my football kit made Mum groan.[↗](../../dirtiness/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · The inspector wrote about the dirtiness of the toilets.[↗](../../dirtiness/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · Washing your hands removes dirtiness you cannot even see.[↗](../../dirtiness/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · Some people did not like the dirtiness of the game.[↗](../../dirtiness/#x7 "tree and pragmatics")

**dirty** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* Not clean; covered with dirt, mud, dust or germs.[↗](../../dirty/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* Not fair or honest: a dirty trick.[↗](../../dirty/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* Rude or not nice: a dirty word, a dirty look (an angry look).[↗](../../dirty/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 4:* Verb: to make something dirty.[↗](../../dirty/#m4 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* Wash your dirty hands before dinner.[↗](../../dirty/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · My shoes got dirty in the mud.[↗](../../dirty/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · Put your dirty clothes in the basket.[↗](../../dirty/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · Who left these dirty dishes?[↗](../../dirty/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · Don't drink dirty water from a puddle.[↗](../../dirty/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · Hiding the ball was a dirty trick.[↗](../../dirty/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · She gave me a dirty look.[↗](../../dirty/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · Gardening is fun, even if you get dirty.[↗](../../dirty/#x8 "tree and pragmatics") · Knives are dirty things at any time.[↗](../../dirty/#x9 "tree and pragmatics")

**disability** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* A disability is a condition that makes some things harder for a person to do, such as seeing, hearing, walking, learning or communicating.[↗](../../disability/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* Her brother has a disability and uses a wheelchair.[↗](../../disability/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · Some disabilities, like dyslexia, cannot be seen.[↗](../../disability/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · Our school has ramps for people with disabilities.[↗](../../disability/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · Paralympians are athletes with disabilities.[↗](../../disability/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · Don't park in the space for people with disabilities.[↗](../../disability/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · Ask if someone with a disability wants help before you help them.[↗](../../disability/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · A guide dog helps people who are blind.[↗](../../disability/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · Having a disability doesn't stop you from having fun with friends.[↗](../../disability/#x8 "tree and pragmatics")

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