---
title: D — The English dictionary with trees and pragmatics · page 59
description: The 1197 words of the English dictionary under D, every meaning for a pupil and every example with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# D — The English dictionary · page 59

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**dubliner** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* A person who is from Dublin, the capital city of Ireland, or who lives there.[↗](../../dubliner/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* «Dubliners» is also the name of a famous book of stories by James Joyce (1914) and of an Irish folk band, The Dubliners.[↗](../../dubliner/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* My granny is a proud Dubliner.[↗](../../dubliner/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · Dubliners are famous for their sense of humour.[↗](../../dubliner/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · As a Dubliner, he knew every street in the city centre.[↗](../../dubliner/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · The Dubliners sang old Irish folk songs.[↗](../../dubliner/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · Lots of Dubliners walk along the River Liffey.[↗](../../dubliner/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · James Joyce wrote a book called «Dubliners».[↗](../../dubliner/#x6 "tree and pragmatics")

**ducat** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* A ducat is an old gold or silver coin used in parts of Europe long ago.[↗](../../ducat/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* He found a purse stuffed with shining ducats.[↗](../../ducat/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · The miller was paid in ducats for his grain.[↗](../../ducat/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · The old king counted his ducats every night.[↗](../../ducat/#x3 "tree and pragmatics")

**duce** — *In Jewish tradition, meaning 1:* a broken fragment of a word, part of "produced", caused by a printing break.[↗](../../duce/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* These Seven Double Letters He designed, pro- duced, and combined, and formed with them the Planets (stars) of this Universe, the Days of the Week, and the Gates of the soul (the orifices of perception) in Man.[↗](../../duce/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") (Sefer Yetzirah, Westcott 1893)[↗](../../duce/#x1 "tree and pragmatics")

**duchess** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* A duchess is a woman who is married to a duke, or a woman who holds the rank of duke herself.[↗](../../duchess/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* (informal, UK) "Duchess" is sometimes a friendly or teasing way to speak to a woman, especially one who seems grand.[↗](../../duchess/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The Duchess visited a children's hospital.[↗](../../duchess/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · The Duke and Duchess waved to the crowd.[↗](../../duchess/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · In the story the duchess wore a dress covered in jewels.[↗](../../duchess/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · A duchess is addressed as "Your Grace".[↗](../../duchess/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · The duchess opened the new library.[↗](../../duchess/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · "Mind your step, Duchess," joked the bus driver.[↗](../../duchess/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · Meanwhile the Duchess Grumbly was also occupied in attiring herself.[↗](../../duchess/#x7 "tree and pragmatics")

**duchy** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* A duchy is an area of land ruled by a duke or a duchess.[↗](../../duchy/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* (UK) The Duchy of Cornwall and the Duchy of Lancaster are special estates of land owned by the British royal family.[↗](../../duchy/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* William was the Duke of Normandy and ruled the duchy.[↗](../../duchy/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · Luxembourg is a Grand Duchy.[↗](../../duchy/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · The prince gets money from the Duchy of Cornwall.[↗](../../duchy/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · The duchy was smaller than a kingdom.[↗](../../duchy/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · Germany was once made of many duchies and kingdoms.[↗](../../duchy/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · The duke protected the people of his duchy.[↗](../../duchy/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · Duchy Originals sells biscuits from royal land.[↗](../../duchy/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · If only I had a duchy!’[↗](../../duchy/#x8 "tree and pragmatics")

**duck** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* A duck is a bird with a flat beak and webbed feet that swims and says «quack».[↗](../../duck/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") A duck has 2 legs.[↗](../../duck/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* To duck means to bend down quickly so you are not hit or seen.[↗](../../duck/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* In cricket, a duck is a score of zero.[↗](../../duck/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* There are 9 ducks on the pond.[↗](../../duck/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · 4 more ducks came.[↗](../../duck/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · Each duck has 2 legs.[↗](../../duck/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · How many ducks are left if 3 fly away?[↗](../../duck/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · The duck says quack.[↗](../../duck/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · Duck\![↗](../../duck/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") The ball is coming.[↗](../../duck/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · The mother duck led her ducklings to the water.[↗](../../duck/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · The batsman was out for a duck.[↗](../../duck/#x8 "tree and pragmatics") · Out popped the duck and flew away.[↗](../../duck/#x9 "tree and pragmatics")

**duckling** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* A duckling is a baby duck.[↗](../../duckling/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* In stories, an «ugly duckling» is someone who seems plain or awkward at first but grows up to be beautiful or great.[↗](../../duckling/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* Five fluffy ducklings followed their mother to the pond.[↗](../../duckling/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · The duckling hatched from its egg this morning.[↗](../../duckling/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · Ducklings can swim soon after they hatch.[↗](../../duckling/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · We watched the ducklings cross the road safely.[↗](../../duckling/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · In «The Ugly Duckling», the duckling grows into a swan.[↗](../../duckling/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · Don't feed the ducklings bread; it is bad for them.[↗](../../duckling/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · If there were 7 ducklings and 2 waddled away, 5 were left.[↗](../../duckling/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · "You don't understand me," said the duckling.[↗](../../duckling/#x8 "tree and pragmatics")

**ducky** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* A ducky is a little duck, a word children use.[↗](../../ducky/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* (casual) A grown-up may call a dear child «ducky» as a fond name.[↗](../../ducky/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* Ducky-daddles waddled to the pond.[↗](../../ducky/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · The old woman called the child her little ducky.[↗](../../ducky/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · The ducky swam in a circle round the pond.[↗](../../ducky/#x3 "tree and pragmatics")

**duct** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* A pipe or tube that carries air, water, cables or other things inside a building.[↗](../../duct/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* (body) A tube in the body that carries liquids, like a tear duct.[↗](../../duct/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* duct tape: very strong sticky cloth tape.[↗](../../duct/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* Warm air comes through a duct in the floor.[↗](../../duct/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · Tears drain from your eyes through tiny tear ducts.[↗](../../duct/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · The spy crawled through the air duct.[↗](../../duct/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · Dad fixed the broken hose with duct tape.[↗](../../duct/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · Mice were living in the heating duct.[↗](../../duct/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · Engineers cleaned the ducts in the school roof.[↗](../../duct/#x6 "tree and pragmatics")

**dud** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* (informal) Something that does not work properly or is useless, like a firework that does not go off or a dead battery.[↗](../../dud/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* (informal) A person or thing that fails or disappoints.[↗](../../dud/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* duds (US, informal, old): clothes.[↗](../../dud/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 4:* (military) A bomb or shell that did not explode.[↗](../../dud/#m4 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The last firework was a dud.[↗](../../dud/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · This battery is a dud; let's try another.[↗](../../dud/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · The new phone turned out to be a dud.[↗](../../dud/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · Never go back to a dud firework: it might explode.[↗](../../dud/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · (informal) The film was a dud, and nobody went to see it.[↗](../../dud/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · One of the eggs was a dud and did not hatch.[↗](../../dud/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · (US, old informal) He put on his best duds for the party.[↗](../../dud/#x7 "tree and pragmatics")

**dude** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* (slang) A man or boy; a guy: «He's a cool dude.».[↗](../../dude/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* (slang) A friendly way to speak to someone, especially a friend: «Hey, dude!».[↗](../../dude/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* (slang, interjection) Used to show surprise, excitement, or annoyance: «Dude\![↗](../../dude/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") That was amazing!».[↗](../../dude/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 4:* (old, US) A city person who goes on holiday to a ranch: «dude ranch»; or a man who cares a lot about fancy clothes.[↗](../../dude/#m4 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* (slang) Hey dude, want to play footy?[↗](../../dude/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · That skateboarder is a cool dude.[↗](../../dude/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · Dude\![↗](../../dude/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") You scored from halfway\![↗](../../dude/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · (slang) Dude, that's my seat.[↗](../../dude/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · Some dude at the shop gave me the wrong change.[↗](../../dude/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · (old US) They spent a week at a dude ranch in Montana.[↗](../../dude/#x6 "tree and pragmatics")

**due** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* Due means expected or needing to happen at a certain time, like a library book that is due back on Friday or a baby due next month.[↗](../../due/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* Due means owed: money that must be paid is due.[↗](../../due/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* «Due to» means because of: the game was cancelled due to rain.[↗](../../due/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 4:* Due north or due south means exactly in that direction.[↗](../../due/#m4 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 5:* If something is due to someone, they deserve it, as in «show thanks where thanks are due».[↗](../../due/#m5 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The book is due back in 14 days.[↗](../../due/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · The amount due is $36.[↗](../../due/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · The homework is due on Monday.[↗](../../due/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · Rent of $500 is due each month.[↗](../../due/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · The train is due in 5 minutes.[↗](../../due/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · The match was cancelled due to heavy rain.[↗](../../due/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · My library book is overdue, so I must take it back.[↗](../../due/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · Walk due north from the gate.[↗](../../due/#x8 "tree and pragmatics") · Show gratitude where gratitude is due.[↗](../../due/#x9 "tree and pragmatics") · It is a due for ever throughout their generations.[↗](../../due/#x10 "tree and pragmatics") (Torah LEV.7.36, JPS 1917)[↗](../../due/#x10 "tree and pragmatics") · Cursed be he that perverteth the justice due to the stranger, fatherless, and widow.[↗](../../due/#x11 "tree and pragmatics") (Torah DEU.27.19, JPS 1917)[↗](../../due/#x11 "tree and pragmatics") · They shall have like portions to eat, beside that which is his due according to the fathers' houses.[↗](../../due/#x12 "tree and pragmatics") (Torah DEU.18.8, JPS 1917)[↗](../../due/#x12 "tree and pragmatics") · 'Sacrifices of peace-offerings were due from me; this day have I paid my vows.[↗](../../due/#x13 "tree and pragmatics") (Writings PRO.7.14, JPS 1917)[↗](../../due/#x13 "tree and pragmatics") · All of them wait for Thee, that Thou mayest give them their food in due season.[↗](../../due/#x14 "tree and pragmatics") (Writings PSA.104.27, JPS 1917)[↗](../../due/#x14 "tree and pragmatics") · The eyes of all wait for Thee, and Thou givest them their food in due season.[↗](../../due/#x15 "tree and pragmatics") (Writings PSA.145.15, JPS 1917)[↗](../../due/#x15 "tree and pragmatics")

**duel** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* A duel is a fight between two people, or two animals, to settle a quarrel, usually fought one-to-one with swords or other weapons.[↗](../../duel/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* A duel can also be a close contest between two rivals.[↗](../../duel/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The two birds fought a fierce duel in the air.[↗](../../duel/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · The knight and the giant fought a duel at dawn.[↗](../../duel/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · The two runners had a close duel for first place.[↗](../../duel/#x3 "tree and pragmatics")

**duet** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* A duet is a piece of music for two singers or two players.[↗](../../duet/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* A duet is a performance by two people together.[↗](../../duet/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* (rare) To duet means to perform a duet.[↗](../../duet/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* My sister and I sang a duet at the concert.[↗](../../duet/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · The piano duet had four hands on one keyboard.[↗](../../duet/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · The birds seemed to sing a duet.[↗](../../duet/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · They duetted on a famous love song.[↗](../../duet/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · A duet needs two performers.[↗](../../duet/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · ‘Now they must sing together; what a duet we shall have!’[↗](../../duet/#x6 "tree and pragmatics")

**duff** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* (informal, UK) Duff means bad, useless or not working: a duff battery, a duff idea.[↗](../../duff/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* (slang, mainly US) Your duff is your bottom; «get off your duff» means stop being lazy.[↗](../../duff/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* (slang, UK) To duff someone up is to beat them up.[↗](../../duff/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 4:* A duff is an old-fashioned word for a kind of steamed pudding, as in plum duff.[↗](../../duff/#m4 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* This torch is duff — the batteries must be flat.[↗](../../duff/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · He played a duff note in the middle of the song.[↗](../../duff/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · That was a duff idea, Tom.[↗](../../duff/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · (US slang) Get off your duff and help me clean up\![↗](../../duff/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · (UK slang) The bully threatened to duff him up.[↗](../../duff/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · We got a duff calculator that kept giving wrong answers.[↗](../../duff/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · Grandma made plum duff for pudding.[↗](../../duff/#x7 "tree and pragmatics")

**dug** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* Dug is the past form of dig: to make a hole in the ground or move earth with a spade, hands or paws.[↗](../../dug/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* Dug can mean searched for and found.[↗](../../dug/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *e.g.* I dug out my old toys.[↗](../../dug/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* Dug in means pushed something into something: the cat dug its claws in.[↗](../../dug/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The dog dug a hole in the garden.[↗](../../dug/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · We dug up potatoes from the vegetable patch.[↗](../../dug/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · Archaeologists dug up an old Viking sword.[↗](../../dug/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · I dug out my winter coat from the cupboard.[↗](../../dug/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · The cat dug its claws into my leg.[↗](../../dug/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · The pirates dug for treasure on the island.[↗](../../dug/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · Our class dug a pond for frogs.[↗](../../dug/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · They dug a little grave in the garden.[↗](../../dug/#x8 "tree and pragmatics")

**dugong** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* A dugong is a large, gentle sea mammal with a whale-like tail that grazes on seagrass in warm shallow seas, like a sea cow.[↗](../../dugong/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The dugong munched seagrass in the shallow water.[↗](../../dugong/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · Dugongs live in the seas around northern Australia.[↗](../../dugong/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · A dugong is a mammal, so it breathes air.[↗](../../dugong/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · Dugongs are protected because they are endangered.[↗](../../dugong/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · Sailors may have mistaken dugongs for mermaids.[↗](../../dugong/#x5 "tree and pragmatics")

**dugout** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* A dugout is a canoe made by hollowing out a tree trunk.[↗](../../dugout/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* A dugout is a shelter dug in the ground, used by soldiers in war.[↗](../../dugout/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* In sports, a dugout is the low covered bench area where players and coaches sit.[↗](../../dugout/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* Ancient people paddled down the river in a dugout canoe.[↗](../../dugout/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · The soldiers slept in a muddy dugout.[↗](../../dugout/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · The coach shouted from the dugout.[↗](../../dugout/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · The substitutes waited in the dugout.[↗](../../dugout/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · A dugout is carved from one big tree trunk.[↗](../../dugout/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · The museum has a very old dugout found in a lake.[↗](../../dugout/#x6 "tree and pragmatics")

**duke** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* A duke is a man of the highest rank of the nobility below a prince, in Britain and some other countries; he has a title such as "the Duke of York".[↗](../../duke/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* In history, a duke ruled a small land called a duchy.[↗](../../duke/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* (old slang, «dukes») Your dukes are your fists, as in "put up your dukes" (get ready to fight).[↗](../../duke/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The Duke of Wellington was a famous general.[↗](../../duke/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · The duke lived in a huge castle with a hundred rooms.[↗](../../duke/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · Prince William is also the Duke of Cambridge.[↗](../../duke/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · The Duke and Duchess waved from the carriage.[↗](../../duke/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · In the fairy tale, the duke wanted to marry the princess.[↗](../../duke/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · "Put up your dukes!" shouted the cartoon boxer.[↗](../../duke/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · The duke's land was called a duchy.[↗](../../duke/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · ‘Choose, then,’ said the Duke, ‘whichever you prefer.’[↗](../../duke/#x8 "tree and pragmatics") · 7, Duke Street, Adelphi, London, W.C, (Sefer Yetzirah, Westcott 1893)[↗](../../duke/#x9 "tree and pragmatics")

**dull** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* Dull means boring, not interesting or exciting.[↗](../../dull/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* Dull means not bright or shiny, like a grey sky or faded colours.[↗](../../dull/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* A dull blade or pencil is not sharp.[↗](../../dull/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 4:* A dull sound or pain is not sharp or clear but soft and heavy.[↗](../../dull/#m4 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 5:* To dull something is to make it less strong or less bright.[↗](../../dull/#m5 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The film was so dull that I fell asleep.[↗](../../dull/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · It was a dull, grey morning.[↗](../../dull/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · This knife is dull; it won't cut the bread.[↗](../../dull/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · I heard a dull thud from upstairs.[↗](../../dull/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · He had a dull pain in his tooth.[↗](../../dull/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · Polish the dull spoons until they shine.[↗](../../dull/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · With my little brother around, there's never a dull moment.[↗](../../dull/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · The medicine dulled the pain.[↗](../../dull/#x8 "tree and pragmatics") · Soon he found life in the pasture very dull.[↗](../../dull/#x9 "tree and pragmatics") · then the priest shall look; and, behold, if the bright spots in the skin of their flesh be of a dull white, it is a tetter, it hath broken out in the skin: he is clean.[↗](../../dull/#x10 "tree and pragmatics") (Torah LEV.13.39, JPS 1917)[↗](../../dull/#x10 "tree and pragmatics") · Wherefore are we counted as beasts, and reputed dull in your sight?[↗](../../dull/#x11 "tree and pragmatics") (Writings JOB.18.3, JPS 1917)[↗](../../dull/#x11 "tree and pragmatics") · Behold, their ear is dull, and they cannot attend; behold, the word of the LORD is become unto them a reproach, they have no delight in it.[↗](../../dull/#x12 "tree and pragmatics") (Prophets JER.6.10, JPS 1917)[↗](../../dull/#x12 "tree and pragmatics")

**dullard** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* A dullard is a slow or stupid person, one who seems not clever.[↗](../../dullard/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* Everyone called him a dullard, but he was clever.[↗](../../dullard/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · Now came the turn of Jack the Dullard.[↗](../../dullard/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · Don't be a dullard; think before you speak.[↗](../../dullard/#x3 "tree and pragmatics")

**dullness** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* Dullness is the state of being dull: not bright, not lively, not interesting.[↗](../../dullness/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The dullness of the grey sky made the picnic sad.[↗](../../dullness/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · The peacock mocked the dullness of the crane's feathers.[↗](../../dullness/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · Nobody enjoyed the dullness of the long wet afternoon.[↗](../../dullness/#x3 "tree and pragmatics")

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