---
title: F — The English dictionary with trees and pragmatics · page 2
description: The 906 words of the English dictionary under F, every meaning for a pupil and every example with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# F — The English dictionary · page 2

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**factual** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* Based on facts; true and real, not made up.[↗](../../factual/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* Giving facts and information, not stories or opinions.[↗](../../factual/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* This is a factual book about volcanoes.[↗](../../factual/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · Write a factual report on hedgehogs.[↗](../../factual/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · The article had a factual error about the moon.[↗](../../factual/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · Keep your answer factual, not emotional.[↗](../../factual/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · Factual programmes teach us about the world.[↗](../../factual/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · Is that statement factual or just your opinion?[↗](../../factual/#x6 "tree and pragmatics")

**faculty** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* A natural ability of the body or mind, such as sight, hearing or memory.[↗](../../faculty/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* A group of departments in a university, such as the Faculty of Science.[↗](../../faculty/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* (US) All the teachers of a school or university.[↗](../../faculty/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 4:* A special skill or talent for something: «a faculty for languages».[↗](../../faculty/#m4 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* Grandpa is ninety but still has all his faculties.[↗](../../faculty/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · The faculty of sight lets us see colours.[↗](../../faculty/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · The faculty held a meeting about the school play.[↗](../../faculty/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · My sister studies in the Faculty of Arts.[↗](../../faculty/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · She has a faculty for remembering names.[↗](../../faculty/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · Faculty and students cheered at the graduation.[↗](../../faculty/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · Then he had a dream; for, to one with his faculties, dreaming was no difficulty.[↗](../../faculty/#x7 "tree and pragmatics")

**fad** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* A fad is something, like a toy, game, fashion or food, that becomes very popular suddenly and is then quickly forgotten.[↗](../../fad/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* A fad diet is a popular way of eating that promises quick results but is often not healthy.[↗](../../fad/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* Fidget spinners were a big fad.[↗](../../fad/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · Mum says my slime collection is just a fad.[↗](../../fad/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · Every term there is a new playground fad.[↗](../../fad/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · Fad diets promise too much.[↗](../../fad/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · The dance was a fad that lasted one summer.[↗](../../fad/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · Is this game a fad or here to stay?[↗](../../fad/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · I will utterly consume them, saith the LORD; there are no grapes on the vine, nor figs on the fig-tree, and the leaf is faded; and I gave them that which they transgress.[↗](../../fad/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") (Prophets JER.8.13, JPS 1917)[↗](../../fad/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · Woe to the crown of pride of the drunkards of Ephraim, and to the fading flower of his glorious beauty, which is on the head of the fat valley of them that are smitten down with wine\![↗](../../fad/#x8 "tree and pragmatics") (Prophets ISA.28.1, JPS 1917)[↗](../../fad/#x8 "tree and pragmatics")

**faddy** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* (UK, informal) Fussy about food, liking only a few things and refusing many others.[↗](../../faddy/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* (informal) Following short-lived fashions or crazes.[↗](../../faddy/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* My little brother is a faddy eater and only eats pasta.[↗](../../faddy/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · Don't be faddy; try one bite of the carrots.[↗](../../faddy/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · Grandma said children today are too faddy about food.[↗](../../faddy/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · The cat is so faddy that it only eats one brand of fish.[↗](../../faddy/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · He went through a faddy phase of eating only yellow food.[↗](../../faddy/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · The new diet seemed faddy and silly.[↗](../../faddy/#x6 "tree and pragmatics")

**fade** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* To slowly lose colour or brightness: the sun faded the curtains.[↗](../../fade/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* To slowly become quieter, weaker or less clear until it disappears: the music faded, the light faded, the memory faded.[↗](../../fade/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* Of flowers, to wilt and die.[↗](../../fade/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The sun has faded the poster on the window.[↗](../../fade/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · The bruise faded after a week.[↗](../../fade/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · The music faded away at the end of the song.[↗](../../fade/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · Daylight faded and the stars came out.[↗](../../fade/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · My old jeans have faded to light blue.[↗](../../fade/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · The sound of the train faded into the distance.[↗](../../fade/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · The flowers faded in the vase.[↗](../../fade/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · His hope began to fade as the clock ticked.[↗](../../fade/#x8 "tree and pragmatics") · For they shall soon wither like the grass, and fade as the green herb.[↗](../../fade/#x9 "tree and pragmatics") (Writings PSA.37.2, JPS 1917)[↗](../../fade/#x9 "tree and pragmatics") · The sons of the stranger fade away, and come halting out of their close places.[↗](../../fade/#x10 "tree and pragmatics") (Prophets 2SA.22.46, JPS 1917)[↗](../../fade/#x10 "tree and pragmatics") · The sons of the stranger fade away, and come trembling out of their close places.[↗](../../fade/#x11 "tree and pragmatics") (Writings PSA.18.46, JPS 1917)[↗](../../fade/#x11 "tree and pragmatics")

**fae** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* (fantasy) The fae are fairies or fairy folk in stories and legends, especially in Celtic tales; fae can also describe things belonging to them.[↗](../../fae/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* (Scots) Fae means «from», as in «I'm fae Glasgow».[↗](../../fae/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* (name/pronoun) Fae is sometimes used as a personal pronoun by a few people; it is rare.[↗](../../fae/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* In the story, the fae lived under the hill.[↗](../../fae/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · Never eat the food of the fae, the old tale warned.[↗](../../fae/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · (Scots) Ma pal's fae Aberdeen.[↗](../../fae/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · The book was about a girl who made a deal with the fae.[↗](../../fae/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · (Scots) Ah got a letter fae ma gran.[↗](../../fae/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · Fae magic glittered in the moonlight.[↗](../../fae/#x6 "tree and pragmatics")

**faeces** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* Faeces is the scientific word for poo, the solid waste that people and animals push out of their bodies through the bottom.[↗](../../faeces/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* Faeces is the waste left after food is digested.[↗](../../faeces/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · Wash your hands after the toilet, because faeces carry germs.[↗](../../faeces/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · Scientists studied the owl's faeces to see what it ate.[↗](../../faeces/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · Pick up dog faeces in the park with a bag.[↗](../../faeces/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · The doctor asked for a sample of faeces to test.[↗](../../faeces/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · Rabbit faeces are small round pellets.[↗](../../faeces/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · The large intestine takes water out before faeces leave the body.[↗](../../faeces/#x7 "tree and pragmatics")

**faery** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* An old or poetic spelling of «fairy»: a small magical creature in stories.[↗](../../faery/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* (old, poetic) The land of fairies, fairyland: «the realm of Faery».[↗](../../faery/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* (adjective) magical, of fairies.[↗](../../faery/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The old poem spoke of the land of Faery.[↗](../../faery/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · In the story a faery queen lived under the hill.[↗](../../faery/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · The poet wrote «faery» instead of «fairy».[↗](../../faery/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · The forest seemed like a faery place in the moonlight.[↗](../../faery/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · Faery folk were said to dance in rings.[↗](../../faery/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · The book used old spellings like «faery».[↗](../../faery/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · Children in the tale were stolen away to Faery.[↗](../../faery/#x7 "tree and pragmatics")

**fag** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* (UK, slang) A fag is a cigarette.[↗](../../fag/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* (UK, informal) A fag is a boring or tiring job: what a fag\![↗](../../fag/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* (UK, old) At some old boarding schools, a fag was a younger boy who did jobs for an older one.[↗](../../fag/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 4:* (offensive) A hateful slur against gay men, mostly American; never use it.[↗](../../fag/#m4 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* (UK slang) Uncle Mick went outside for a fag.[↗](../../fag/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · There were fag ends all over the pavement.[↗](../../fag/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · (UK) Washing up after a party is such a fag.[↗](../../fag/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · Smoking fags damages your lungs.[↗](../../fag/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · In the old story, the young boy had to be a fag for the prefects.[↗](../../fag/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · Calling someone a hateful name is bullying; tell a teacher.[↗](../../fag/#x6 "tree and pragmatics")

**faggot** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* A faggot is a bundle of sticks tied together for burning.[↗](../../faggot/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The woodcutter carried a faggot home on his back.[↗](../../faggot/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · The children gathered sticks to make a faggot.[↗](../../faggot/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · Shall I bring in your bundle of faggots every day?[↗](../../faggot/#x3 "tree and pragmatics")

**fahrenheit** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* Fahrenheit is a scale for measuring temperature, on which water freezes at 32 degrees and boils at 212 degrees.[↗](../../fahrenheit/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* It is named after the scientist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit, who invented it.[↗](../../fahrenheit/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* Water freezes at 32 degrees Fahrenheit.[↗](../../fahrenheit/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · It's 90 degrees Fahrenheit in Texas today — that's very hot\![↗](../../fahrenheit/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · Water boils at 212 °F.[↗](../../fahrenheit/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · Normal body temperature is about 98.6 °F.[↗](../../fahrenheit/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · Set the oven to 350 degrees Fahrenheit.[↗](../../fahrenheit/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · In Canada the weather forecast is in Celsius, not Fahrenheit.[↗](../../fahrenheit/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · Grandad says it's «in the seventies» when it's warm.[↗](../../fahrenheit/#x7 "tree and pragmatics")

**fail** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* To fail means not to do what you tried or wanted to do.[↗](../../fail/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* To fail a test is not to pass it.[↗](../../fail/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* To fail means to stop working or to break down: the brakes failed.[↗](../../fail/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 4:* Never fail to means always: he never fails to say thank you.[↗](../../fail/#m4 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* 3 of the 25 pupils failed the test.[↗](../../fail/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · He failed 2 of his 10 tries.[↗](../../fail/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · How many passed if 4 failed?[↗](../../fail/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · The seeds that fail to grow are thrown away.[↗](../../fail/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · The lights failed during the storm.[↗](../../fail/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · If you fail at first, try again.[↗](../../fail/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · He goes swimming every Saturday without fail.[↗](../../fail/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · Her plan to surprise Mum failed when Mum came home early.[↗](../../fail/#x8 "tree and pragmatics") · So the Third Knight failed also.[↗](../../fail/#x9 "tree and pragmatics") · And Joseph said: 'Give your cattle, and I will give you bread for your cattle, if money fail.'[↗](../../fail/#x10 "tree and pragmatics") (Torah GEN.47.16, JPS 1917)[↗](../../fail/#x10 "tree and pragmatics") · And if thy brother be waxen poor, and his means fail with thee; then thou shalt uphold him: as a stranger and a settler shall he live with thee.[↗](../../fail/#x11 "tree and pragmatics") (Torah LEV.25.35, JPS 1917)[↗](../../fail/#x11 "tree and pragmatics") · for the LORD thy God is a merciful God; He will not fail thee, neither destroy thee, nor forget the covenant of thy fathers which He swore unto them.[↗](../../fail/#x12 "tree and pragmatics") (Torah DEU.4.31, JPS 1917)[↗](../../fail/#x12 "tree and pragmatics") · My soul failed me when he spoke.[↗](../../fail/#x13 "tree and pragmatics") (Writings SNG.5.6, JPS 1917)[↗](../../fail/#x13 "tree and pragmatics") · My kinsfolk have failed, and my familiar friends have forgotten me.[↗](../../fail/#x14 "tree and pragmatics") (Writings JOB.19.14, JPS 1917)[↗](../../fail/#x14 "tree and pragmatics") · Mine eyes fail for Thy salvation, and for Thy righteous word.[↗](../../fail/#x15 "tree and pragmatics") (Writings PSA.119.123, JPS 1917)[↗](../../fail/#x15 "tree and pragmatics")

**faileth** — *Early Modern English, meaning 1:* «faileth» means «fails», a form of «fail».[↗](../../faileth/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *e.g.* To fail means not to do what you tried or wanted to do.[↗](../../faileth/#m1 "tree and pragmatics")

**failing** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* A failing is a fault or weakness in a person's character or behaviour.[↗](../../failing/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* Everyone has some failings.[↗](../../failing/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · Pride was his greatest failing.[↗](../../failing/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · Be kind about the failings of others.[↗](../../failing/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · And among these nations shalt thou have no repose, and there shall be no rest for the sole of thy foot; but the LORD shall give thee there a trembling heart, and failing of eyes, and languishing of soul.[↗](../../failing/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") (Torah DEU.28.65, JPS 1917)[↗](../../failing/#x4 "tree and pragmatics")

**failure** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* Failure is not succeeding at something you tried to do.[↗](../../failure/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* A failure is an attempt, plan or thing that did not work.[↗](../../failure/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* A failure of a machine or body part is when it stops working, like a power failure.[↗](../../failure/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 4:* Failure to do something means not doing it when you should.[↗](../../failure/#m4 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* Every failure taught the inventor something new.[↗](../../failure/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · Our first rocket was a failure, but the second one flew.[↗](../../failure/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · Don't be afraid of failure; just try.[↗](../../failure/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · The lights went out because of a power failure.[↗](../../failure/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · The plan ended in failure.[↗](../../failure/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · Engine failure made the plane land early.[↗](../../failure/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · Failure to wear a helmet can be dangerous.[↗](../../failure/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · But the spider did not lose hope with the sixth failure.[↗](../../failure/#x8 "tree and pragmatics")

**fain** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* Fain means gladly or willingly; «would fain» means would like very much to.[↗](../../fain/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Early Modern English, meaning 1:* gladly or willingly.[↗](../../fain/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* I would fain see the king's son.[↗](../../fain/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · She would fain go home.[↗](../../fain/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · I would fain sleep now.[↗](../../fain/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · Yea, it hurleth at him, and spareth not; he would fain flee from its power.[↗](../../fain/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") (Writings JOB.27.22, JPS 1917)[↗](../../fain/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · I'd fain see him to have a turn with him."[↗](../../fain/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") (More English Fairy Tales) · ‘I would fain get a sight of the king’s son before he marries,’ sighed she.[↗](../../fain/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") (The Lilac Fairy Book) · ‘I am weary,’ said Arthur, ‘and till my food is prepared I would fain sleep.[↗](../../fain/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") (The Lilac Fairy Book)

**faint** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* Not strong or clear; hard to see, hear or smell (a faint sound, a faint line).[↗](../../faint/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* To suddenly become unconscious for a short time and fall down, often because the brain does not get enough blood.[↗](../../faint/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* Feeling weak and dizzy, as if you might fall (I feel faint).[↗](../../faint/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 4:* Very small (a faint chance; I haven't the faintest idea = I don't know at all).[↗](../../faint/#m4 "tree and pragmatics") *Early Modern English, meaning 1:* weak, tired and nearly without strength, especially from hunger.[↗](../../faint/#m5 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* I could hear a faint sound coming from the cupboard.[↗](../../faint/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · Draw faint lines first, then go over them in pen.[↗](../../faint/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · He fainted in the hot sun and fell down.[↗](../../faint/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · If you feel faint, sit down and put your head between your knees.[↗](../../faint/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · There was a faint smell of smoke.[↗](../../faint/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · The stars were faint because of the city lights.[↗](../../faint/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · I haven't the faintest idea where my shoe is.[↗](../../faint/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · The sickening smell made him faint.[↗](../../faint/#x8 "tree and pragmatics") · And Jacob sod pottage; and Esau came in from the field, and he was faint.[↗](../../faint/#x9 "tree and pragmatics") (Torah GEN.25.29, JPS 1917)[↗](../../faint/#x9 "tree and pragmatics") · And Esau said to Jacob: 'Let me swallow, I pray thee, some of this red, red pottage; for I am faint.'[↗](../../faint/#x10 "tree and pragmatics") Therefore was his name called Edom.[↗](../../faint/#x10 "tree and pragmatics") (Torah GEN.25.30, JPS 1917)[↗](../../faint/#x10 "tree and pragmatics") · And they told him, saying: 'Joseph is yet alive, and he is ruler over all the land of Egypt.'[↗](../../faint/#x11 "tree and pragmatics") And his heart fainted, for he believed them not.[↗](../../faint/#x11 "tree and pragmatics") (Torah GEN.45.26, JPS 1917)[↗](../../faint/#x11 "tree and pragmatics") · Hungry and thirsty, their soul fainted in them.[↗](../../faint/#x12 "tree and pragmatics") (Writings PSA.107.5, JPS 1917)[↗](../../faint/#x12 "tree and pragmatics") · The whole head is sick, and the whole heart faint; (Prophets ISA.1.5, JPS 1917)[↗](../../faint/#x13 "tree and pragmatics") · Yea, God hath made my heart faint, and the Almighty hath affrighted me; (Writings JOB.23.16, JPS 1917)[↗](../../faint/#x14 "tree and pragmatics") · And Jacob sod pottage; and Esau came in from the field, and he was faint.[↗](../../faint/#x15 "tree and pragmatics") (Torah GEN.25.29, JPS 1917) · The sickening smell made him faint.[↗](../../faint/#x16 "tree and pragmatics") (Japanese Fairy Tales) · And Esau said to Jacob: 'Let me swallow, I pray thee, some of this red, red pottage; for I am faint.'[↗](../../faint/#x17 "tree and pragmatics") Therefore was his name called Edom.[↗](../../faint/#x17 "tree and pragmatics") (Torah GEN.25.30, JPS 1917)

**faintly** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* Weakly, quietly or not clearly, so it is hard to see, hear or smell.[↗](../../faintly/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* Slightly; a little: «faintly surprised».[↗](../../faintly/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The stars shone faintly through the clouds.[↗](../../faintly/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · I could faintly hear the bell.[↗](../../faintly/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · The room smelled faintly of paint.[↗](../../faintly/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · She smiled faintly and closed her eyes.[↗](../../faintly/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · He looked faintly annoyed.[↗](../../faintly/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · The writing was faintly visible on the old paper.[↗](../../faintly/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · The light glowed faintly at the end of the tunnel.[↗](../../faintly/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · “Hullo, Peter,” she replied faintly, squeezing herself as small as possible.[↗](../../faintly/#x8 "tree and pragmatics")

**faintness** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* Faintness is a weak, dizzy feeling as if you might faint (pass out).[↗](../../faintness/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* Faintness is also the quality of being faint: hard to see, hear or smell because it is very weak, like the faintness of a star or a sound.[↗](../../faintness/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* After running in the heat, she felt a wave of faintness.[↗](../../faintness/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · Tell an adult if you have faintness or dizziness.[↗](../../faintness/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · The faintness of the star made it hard to see.[↗](../../faintness/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · Because of the faintness of the writing, we could barely read the letter.[↗](../../faintness/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · Faintness can come from skipping breakfast.[↗](../../faintness/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · He sat down when faintness came over him.[↗](../../faintness/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · But as soon as she stepped into the cold water, a sudden faintness seized her; she clutched at the air convulsively with her hand, took one step forward, and fell.[↗](../../faintness/#x7 "tree and pragmatics")

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