--- title: R — The English dictionary with trees and pragmatics · page 50 description: The 1025 words of the English dictionary under R, every meaning for a pupil and every example with its dependency tree and pragmatics. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/R/page/50/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [dictionaries](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/) / [English dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/) / R # R — The English dictionary · page 50 [A](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/A/) · [B](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/B/) · [C](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/C/) · [D](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/D/) · [E](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/E/) · [F](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/F/) · [G](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/G/) · [H](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/H/) · [I](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/I/) · [J](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/J/) · [K](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/K/) · [L](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/L/) · [M](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/M/) · [N](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/N/) · [O](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/O/) · [P](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/P/) · [Q](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/Q/) · [R](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/R/) · [S](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/S/) · [T](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/T/) · [U](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/U/) · [V](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/V/) · [W](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/W/) · [X](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/X/) · [Y](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/Y/) · [Z](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/Z/) [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/R/) … [49](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/R/page/49/) **50** [51](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/R/page/51/) … [55](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/R/page/55/) **rosin** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* Rosin is a hard, sticky, amber-coloured substance made from pine tree sap.[↗](../../rosin/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* Violin, viola, cello and double bass players rub rosin on the bow so the hairs grip the strings and make a sound.[↗](../../rosin/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* Athletes such as gymnasts, dancers, baseball pitchers and climbers use powdered rosin to stop their hands or shoes slipping.[↗](../../rosin/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 4:* To rosin something is to rub rosin on it.[↗](../../rosin/#m4 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* Before the concert, Mia rubbed rosin on her violin bow.[↗](../../rosin/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · Without rosin, the bow just slides and the cello stays quiet.[↗](../../rosin/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · Rosin is made from the sap of pine trees.[↗](../../rosin/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · The ballet dancers dipped their shoes in rosin so they would not slip.[↗](../../rosin/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · The baseball pitcher squeezed the rosin bag before throwing.[↗](../../rosin/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · Rosin dust collected on the strings, so he wiped them with a cloth.[↗](../../rosin/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · Remember to rosin your bow, but not too much\![↗](../../rosin/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") **rosy** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* Pink or pinkish-red, like a rose, especially of cheeks or skin.[↗](../../rosy/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* Hopeful and likely to be good: «a rosy future».[↗](../../rosy/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* (in phrases) «Ring a Ring o' Roses» and «everything's rosy» mean things are fine.[↗](../../rosy/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* She came in from the snow with rosy cheeks.[↗](../../rosy/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · The sky turned rosy at dawn.[↗](../../rosy/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · The future looks rosy for our team.[↗](../../rosy/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · Things are not all rosy at the factory.[↗](../../rosy/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · The baby has rosy little toes.[↗](../../rosy/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · He painted a rosy picture of the holiday, but it rained all week.[↗](../../rosy/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · The Fox immediately had rosy visions of a very delicious breakfast.[↗](../../rosy/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") **rot** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* To go soft, bad and break down slowly because of bacteria and fungi, like old fruit, wood or dead leaves; to decay.[↗](../../rot/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* To make something decay (Sugar rots your teeth).[↗](../../rot/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* Rot (noun): the decay itself, or a part that has gone bad.[↗](../../rot/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 4:* (informal, old British) Nonsense (Don't talk rot!).[↗](../../rot/#m4 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The apples left on the ground began to rot.[↗](../../rot/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · Fungi and bacteria help dead leaves rot.[↗](../../rot/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · Sweets can rot your teeth if you don't brush.[↗](../../rot/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · The old wooden fence was rotting at the bottom.[↗](../../rot/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · Food rots faster in a warm room than in the fridge.[↗](../../rot/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · Worms help rot down the vegetable peelings in the compost.[↗](../../rot/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · «What rot!» said Grandpa, laughing.[↗](../../rot/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · And they laid it up till the morning, as Moses bade; and it did not rot, neither was there any worm therein.[↗](../../rot/#x8 "tree and pragmatics") (Torah EXO.16.24, JPS 1917)[↗](../../rot/#x8 "tree and pragmatics") · The memory of the righteous shall be for a blessing; but the name of the wicked shall rot.[↗](../../rot/#x9 "tree and pragmatics") (Writings PRO.10.7, JPS 1917)[↗](../../rot/#x9 "tree and pragmatics") · A holm-oak is set apart, he chooseth a tree that will not rot; he seeketh unto him a cunning craftsman to set up an image, that shall not be moved.[↗](../../rot/#x10 "tree and pragmatics") (Prophets ISA.40.20, JPS 1917)[↗](../../rot/#x10 "tree and pragmatics") **rota** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* (UK, Australia, NZ) A rota is a list showing who has to do a job and when, so that people take turns.[↗](../../rota/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* A regular turn-by-turn system of doing a job.[↗](../../rota/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* Our class has a rota for feeding the fish.[↗](../../rota/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · I'm on the washing-up rota tonight.[↗](../../rota/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · Mum made a rota so we take turns with the dog.[↗](../../rota/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · The nurses' rota shows who works at night.[↗](../../rota/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · The teacher drew up a rota for playground jobs.[↗](../../rota/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · Check the rota to see whose turn it is.[↗](../../rota/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · If four children share a rota of eight days, each child has two turns.[↗](../../rota/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") **rotate** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* To turn around a centre or a point; to spin.[↗](../../rotate/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *e.g.* The Earth rotates once a day.[↗](../../rotate/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* (maths) To turn a shape around a fixed point by a certain angle.[↗](../../rotate/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* To take turns or change places in a regular order.[↗](../../rotate/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *e.g.* Players rotate positions.[↗](../../rotate/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 4:* (farming) To grow different crops in a field in different seasons.[↗](../../rotate/#m4 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* Rotate the triangle 90° clockwise.[↗](../../rotate/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · The Earth rotates once every 24 hours.[↗](../../rotate/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · A wheel rotates around its axle.[↗](../../rotate/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · Players rotate every 10 minutes.[↗](../../rotate/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · If a wheel rotates 3 times a second, how many turns in a minute?[↗](../../rotate/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · Rotate the square a quarter turn.[↗](../../rotate/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · Farmers rotate crops to keep the soil healthy.[↗](../../rotate/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · If the sphere be rotated forward, good is implied, if in a retrograde manner evil is intended.[↗](../../rotate/#x8 "tree and pragmatics") (Sefer Yetzirah, Westcott 1887)[↗](../../rotate/#x8 "tree and pragmatics") **rotation** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* Rotation is turning around a centre point or a line.[↗](../../rotation/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *e.g.* "the rotation of the Earth".[↗](../../rotation/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* A rotation is one complete turn.[↗](../../rotation/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *e.g.* "the wheel makes 10 rotations a minute".[↗](../../rotation/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* In maths, a rotation is a turn of a shape around a fixed point by an angle, such as a quarter turn (90 degrees).[↗](../../rotation/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 4:* Rotation is taking turns in a fixed order.[↗](../../rotation/#m4 "tree and pragmatics") *e.g.* "we do the jobs in rotation".[↗](../../rotation/#m4 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 5:* Crop rotation is growing different crops in a field each year to keep the soil healthy.[↗](../../rotation/#m5 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The rotation of the Earth gives us day and night.[↗](../../rotation/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · One full rotation of the Earth takes about 24 hours.[↗](../../rotation/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · Rotate the triangle 90 degrees clockwise about point A.[↗](../../rotation/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · A full rotation is 360 degrees; a half rotation is 180 degrees.[↗](../../rotation/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · The wheel made 50 rotations in a minute.[↗](../../rotation/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · We take the class jobs in rotation.[↗](../../rotation/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · Farmers use crop rotation to keep the soil rich.[↗](../../rotation/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · Rotation; from חָלֹל to dance round.[↗](../../rotation/#x8 "tree and pragmatics") (Sefer Yetzirah, Kalisch 1877)[↗](../../rotation/#x8 "tree and pragmatics") · Just as the sphere remains the same during the rotation on its axis in its setting and in its rising; yet it appears to us as if it had undergone a great change on account of its different position.[↗](../../rotation/#x9 "tree and pragmatics") (Sefer Yetzirah, Kalisch 1877)[↗](../../rotation/#x9 "tree and pragmatics") **rotational** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* Rotational means to do with turning round a centre point.[↗](../../rotational/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* (maths) Rotational symmetry means a shape looks the same after being turned less than a full turn.[↗](../../rotational/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* Rotational means taking turns in a fixed order.[↗](../../rotational/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* A square has rotational symmetry of order 4.[↗](../../rotational/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · An equilateral triangle has rotational symmetry of order 3.[↗](../../rotational/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · The letter S has rotational symmetry of order 2.[↗](../../rotational/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · Rotational speed is how fast a wheel turns.[↗](../../rotational/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · The class uses a rotational rota for jobs.[↗](../../rotational/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · Does this star have rotational symmetry?[↗](../../rotational/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") **rote** — *In Jewish tradition, meaning 1:* Learning or doing something by repeating it again and again without thinking about what it means.[↗](../../rote/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") **rotifer** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* (science) A tiny water animal, usually too small to see without a microscope, with a ring of little hairs at its head that wave and look like spinning wheels.[↗](../../rotifer/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* We saw rotifers in pond water under the microscope.[↗](../../rotifer/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · A rotifer's hairs look like spinning wheels.[↗](../../rotifer/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · Rotifers are animals, even though they are tiny.[↗](../../rotifer/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · Some rotifers can survive drying out for years.[↗](../../rotifer/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · Fish eat rotifers.[↗](../../rotifer/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · Our teacher showed us a video of rotifers feeding.[↗](../../rotifer/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") **rotor** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* A rotor is a part of a machine that turns round and round, such as the blades on top of a helicopter.[↗](../../rotor/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* A rotor is the spinning part inside an electric motor or generator.[↗](../../rotor/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* In a wind turbine, the rotor is the hub with its blades that the wind turns.[↗](../../rotor/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The helicopter's rotor began to spin.[↗](../../rotor/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · The tail rotor stops the helicopter turning round.[↗](../../rotor/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · The wind turned the rotor of the turbine.[↗](../../rotor/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · Inside the motor, the rotor spins very fast.[↗](../../rotor/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · We dropped paper rotors from the stairs and timed them.[↗](../../rotor/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · Stay away from the rotor blades when the helicopter lands.[↗](../../rotor/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") **rotted** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* Rotted is the past form of «rot»: something rotted when it went bad and broke down slowly because of germs, fungi, damp or age.[↗](../../rotted/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* As an adjective it means decayed, but people usually say «rotten».[↗](../../rotted/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The apples rotted on the ground.[↗](../../rotted/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · The old wooden fence rotted in the rain.[↗](../../rotted/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · The leaves rotted and turned into compost.[↗](../../rotted/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · His teeth rotted because he ate too many sweets and didn't brush.[↗](../../rotted/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · The bridge was unsafe because the planks had rotted.[↗](../../rotted/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · We watched a pumpkin as it rotted over three weeks.[↗](../../rotted/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · He sat down there quite naked, for all his clothes had rotted and dropped off inside the fish.[↗](../../rotted/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · Notwithstanding they hearkened not unto Moses; but some of them left of it until the morning, and it bred worms, and rotted; and Moses was wroth with them.[↗](../../rotted/#x8 "tree and pragmatics") (Torah EXO.16.20, JPS 1917)[↗](../../rotted/#x8 "tree and pragmatics") **rotten** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* Gone bad, soft and smelly because of decay (a rotten egg, rotten wood).[↗](../../rotten/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* (informal) Very bad, unpleasant or unfair (rotten weather, a rotten trick).[↗](../../rotten/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* Feeling ill or unhappy (I feel rotten).[↗](../../rotten/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 4:* Morally bad, dishonest (rotten to the core).[↗](../../rotten/#m4 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 5:* Spoiled rotten: given too much and allowed everything.[↗](../../rotten/#m5 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* This banana is rotten — throw it in the compost.[↗](../../rotten/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · Don't climb on that branch, it's rotten.[↗](../../rotten/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · The room smelled of rotten eggs.[↗](../../rotten/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · We had rotten weather on our camping trip.[↗](../../rotten/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · I feel rotten — I think I have a cold.[↗](../../rotten/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · That was a rotten thing to say to your friend.[↗](../../rotten/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · The grandparents spoil the baby rotten.[↗](../../rotten/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · Last one in the pool is a rotten egg\![↗](../../rotten/#x8 "tree and pragmatics") · "Rotten apples," answered the ostler; "a whole sackful of them.[↗](../../rotten/#x9 "tree and pragmatics") · He esteemeth iron as straw, and brass as rotten wood.[↗](../../rotten/#x10 "tree and pragmatics") (Writings JOB.41.19, JPS 1917)[↗](../../rotten/#x10 "tree and pragmatics") **rottenness** — *In Jewish tradition, meaning 1:* The state of decaying or rotting, especially of wood or bones.[↗](../../rottenness/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* Therefore am I unto Ephraim as a moth, and to the house of Judah as rottenness.[↗](../../rottenness/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") (Prophets HOS.5.12, JPS 1917)[↗](../../rottenness/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · A tranquil heart is the life of the flesh; but envy is the rottenness of the bones.[↗](../../rottenness/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") (Writings PRO.14.30, JPS 1917)[↗](../../rottenness/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · A virtuous woman is a crown to her husband; but she that doeth shamefully is as rottenness in his bones.[↗](../../rottenness/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") (Writings PRO.12.4, JPS 1917)[↗](../../rottenness/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") **rotting** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* Rotting means going bad and breaking down, as dead plants, animals or food slowly decay.[↗](../../rotting/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* Rotting wood or teeth are being slowly damaged and becoming soft or weak.[↗](../../rotting/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* (figurative) Rotting can describe something getting worse slowly from neglect, like «left rotting in a shed».[↗](../../rotting/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The apples were rotting on the ground.[↗](../../rotting/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · A rotting log is home to many insects.[↗](../../rotting/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · The bin smelled of rotting food.[↗](../../rotting/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · Worms help rotting leaves turn into soil.[↗](../../rotting/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · Too many sweets can lead to rotting teeth.[↗](../../rotting/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · The old boat was left rotting on the beach.[↗](../../rotting/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · Rotting food should be thrown away, not eaten.[↗](../../rotting/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") **rottweiler** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* A Rottweiler is a large, strong breed of dog, black with brown markings, first bred in Germany to herd cattle and guard.[↗](../../rottweiler/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* (informal) Calling someone a rottweiler means they are fierce and aggressive in arguing or defending something.[↗](../../rottweiler/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* Our neighbours have a friendly Rottweiler called Bruno.[↗](../../rottweiler/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · A Rottweiler is black with brown patches on its face and legs.[↗](../../rottweiler/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · Always ask the owner before you stroke a Rottweiler.[↗](../../rottweiler/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · Rottweilers were once used to herd cattle to market.[↗](../../rottweiler/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · The guard dog was a huge Rottweiler.[↗](../../rottweiler/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · (informal) The new manager is a rottweiler in meetings.[↗](../../rottweiler/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · Rottweilers need lots of exercise and training.[↗](../../rottweiler/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") **rouble** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* A rouble is a unit of money used in Russia long ago and still in some countries.[↗](../../rouble/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* His master gave him a rouble.[↗](../../rouble/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · The ox costs twenty roubles.[↗](../../rouble/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · The rich man lent him twenty roubles.[↗](../../rouble/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") **rouge** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* (French) «Rouge» means «red» in French: «une pomme rouge» is «a red apple».[↗](../../rouge/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* Rouge is red or pink make-up powder or cream put on the cheeks, now usually called «blusher» or «blush».[↗](../../rouge/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* In the game of roulette, «rouge» means red.[↗](../../rouge/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") To an English ear it sounds like «roozh».[↗](../../rouge/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* In French, «rouge» means «red».[↗](../../rouge/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · «Le drapeau est bleu, blanc et rouge» means «the flag is blue, white and red».[↗](../../rouge/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · Grandma put a little rouge on her cheeks.[↗](../../rouge/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · The actor's cheeks were painted with rouge.[↗](../../rouge/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · Baton Rouge is a city in Louisiana.[↗](../../rouge/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · «Rouge» sounds like «roozh».[↗](../../rouge/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · In French we say «un crayon rouge» — the colour goes after the noun.[↗](../../rouge/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · Nevertheless she wore rouge and patches, a mantle of silver brocade and a crown of diamonds, and her dress was covered with jewels, and green and pink ribbons.[↗](../../rouge/#x8 "tree and pragmatics") **rough** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* Rough means not smooth; a rough surface is bumpy or uneven when you touch it.[↗](../../rough/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* Rough means not gentle; using too much force.[↗](../../rough/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* Rough means not exact or not finished, like a rough guess or a rough drawing.[↗](../../rough/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 4:* Rough weather or sea is stormy, with big waves and wind.[↗](../../rough/#m4 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 5:* Rough means difficult or unpleasant, like a rough day.[↗](../../rough/#m5 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 6:* Feeling rough (UK) means feeling ill.[↗](../../rough/#m6 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 7:* To rough it is to live without comforts, as when camping.[↗](../../rough/#m7 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 8:* Rough can also mean not polished or refined, lacking fine manners or style.[↗](../../rough/#m8 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* The bark of the tree feels rough.[↗](../../rough/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · Sandpaper is rough, but glass is smooth.[↗](../../rough/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · Don't be rough with the puppy.[↗](../../rough/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · Make a rough estimate before you calculate.[↗](../../rough/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · Write a rough draft first, then check it.[↗](../../rough/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · The sea was too rough for swimming.[↗](../../rough/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · I've had a rough day.[↗](../../rough/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · Rough surfaces create more friction.[↗](../../rough/#x8 "tree and pragmatics") · "It was a little rough--it wanted elegance."[↗](../../rough/#x9 "tree and pragmatics") · And the elders of that city shall bring down the heifer unto a rough valley, which may neither be plowed nor sown, and shall break the heifer's neck there in the valley.[↗](../../rough/#x10 "tree and pragmatics") (Torah DEU.21.4, JPS 1917)[↗](../../rough/#x10 "tree and pragmatics") · And the rough he-goat is the king of Greece; and the great horn that is between his eyes is the first king.[↗](../../rough/#x11 "tree and pragmatics") (Writings DAN.8.21, JPS 1917)[↗](../../rough/#x11 "tree and pragmatics") · In full measure, when Thou sendest her away, Thou dost contend with her; He hath removed her with His rough blast in the day of the east wind.[↗](../../rough/#x12 "tree and pragmatics") (Prophets ISA.27.8, JPS 1917)[↗](../../rough/#x12 "tree and pragmatics") · Every valley shall be lifted up, and every mountain and hill shall be made low; and the rugged shall be made level, and the rough places a plain; (Prophets ISA.40.4, JPS 1917)[↗](../../rough/#x13 "tree and pragmatics") **roughly** — *Everyday, meaning 1:* Roughly means about, not exactly: roughly 100 people.[↗](../../roughly/#m1 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 2:* Roughly means in a rough, not gentle way.[↗](../../roughly/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *e.g.* He pushed me roughly.[↗](../../roughly/#m2 "tree and pragmatics") *Everyday, meaning 3:* Roughly also means not carefully or neatly: roughly cut pieces.[↗](../../roughly/#m3 "tree and pragmatics") *Example:* There were roughly 30 children at the party.[↗](../../roughly/#x1 "tree and pragmatics") · 49 is roughly 50.[↗](../../roughly/#x2 "tree and pragmatics") · Do not treat the puppy roughly.[↗](../../roughly/#x3 "tree and pragmatics") · Roughly chop the onion into big pieces.[↗](../../roughly/#x4 "tree and pragmatics") · The trip takes roughly two hours.[↗](../../roughly/#x5 "tree and pragmatics") · The two bags weigh roughly the same.[↗](../../roughly/#x6 "tree and pragmatics") · He grabbed the ball roughly.[↗](../../roughly/#x7 "tree and pragmatics") · Roughly speaking, half the class walks to school.[↗](../../roughly/#x8 "tree and pragmatics") · In this place I can only roughly summarise my results.[↗](../../roughly/#x9 "tree and pragmatics") · 'The man, the lord of the land, spoke roughly with us, and took us for spies of the country.[↗](../../roughly/#x10 "tree and pragmatics") (Torah GEN.42.30, JPS 1917)[↗](../../roughly/#x10 "tree and pragmatics") · And Joseph saw his brethren, and he knew them, but made himself strange unto them, and spoke roughly with them; and he said unto them: 'Whence come ye?'[↗](../../roughly/#x11 "tree and pragmatics") And they said: 'From the land of Canaan to buy food.'[↗](../../roughly/#x11 "tree and pragmatics") (Torah GEN.42.7, JPS 1917)[↗](../../roughly/#x11 "tree and pragmatics") · Then said David to Jonathan: 'Who shall tell me if perchance thy father answer thee roughly?'[↗](../../roughly/#x12 "tree and pragmatics") (Prophets 1SA.20.10, JPS 1917)[↗](../../roughly/#x12 "tree and pragmatics") · And the king answered them roughly; and king Rehoboam forsook the counsel of the old men, (Writings 2CH.10.13, JPS 1917)[↗](../../roughly/#x13 "tree and pragmatics") · And the king answered the people roughly, and forsook the counsel of the old men which they had given him; (Prophets 1KI.12.13, JPS 1917)[↗](../../roughly/#x14 "tree and pragmatics") [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/R/) … [49](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/R/page/49/) **50** [51](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/R/page/51/) … 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