---
title: abject — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «abject» in the Judaism dictionary: Abject means very miserable, poor and low in condition, with no hope or comfort. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# abject

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Abject, fear, you, I, they, abjects · **What happens:** mean, describe, be, have, leave, halt · **To what, where:** fear, pride, themselves, abjects, me, bread

<!-- .vabout -->
«abject» in the Judaism dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [abject in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/abject.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Abject means very miserable, poor and low in condition, with no hope or comfort.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:abject:m1:1
# text = Abject means very miserable, poor and low in condition, with no hope or comfort.
1	Abject	abject	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	very	very	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	miserable	miserable	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
6	poor	poor	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	low	low	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	condition	condition	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
12	with	with	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	14	det	_	_
14	hope	hope	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
15	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	comfort	comfort	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Abject |  |  |  |  | miserable *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Abject can also describe fear or apology that is total and humble, as if you have no pride left.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:abject:m2:1
# text = Abject can also describe fear or apology that is total and humble, as if you have no pride left.
1	Abject	abject	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	reparandum	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	also	also	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	describe	describe	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	fear	fear	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	apology	apology	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
8	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	10	nsubj	_	_
9	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
10	total	total	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	acl:relcl	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	humble	humble	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
14	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	17	mark	_	_
15	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	17	mark	_	_
16	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	17	nsubj	_	_
17	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	advcl	_	_
18	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	19	det	_	_
19	pride	pride	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obj	_	_
20	left	leave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	19	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **describe** | can |  | fear or apology |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent fear=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | present | fear or apology |  |  |  |  | total *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **be** |  | fear or apology *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **have** | present | you | no pride |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pride=Patient |
| 5 | **leave** | participle |  | no pride *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
But when I halt they rejoice, and gather themselves together; the abjects gather themselves together against me, and those whom I know not; they tear me, and cease not; (Writings PSA.35.15, JPS 1917)

<!-- fold The tree, 33 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:abject:x1:1
# text = But when I halt they rejoice, and gather themselves together; the abjects gather themselves together against me, and those whom I know not; they tear me, and cease not; (Writings PSA.35.15, JPS 1917)
1	But	but	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
2	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	4	advmod	_	_
3	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
4	halt	halt	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	advcl	_	_
5	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	rejoice	rejoice	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	gather	gather	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
10	themselves	themselves	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	9	obj	_	_
11	together	together	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	abjects	abject	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	nsubj	_	_
15	gather	gather	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
16	themselves	themselves	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	15	obj	_	_
17	together	together	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	_
18	against	against	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	15	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
21	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
22	those	that	PRON	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	23	nsubj	_	_
23	whom	whom	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	15	obl	_	_
24	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	25	nsubj	_	_
25	know	know	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	23	acl:relcl	_	_
26	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	25	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	29	punct	_	_
28	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	29	nsubj	_	_
29	tear	tear	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	conj	_	_
30	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	29	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	33	punct	_	_
32	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	33	cc	_	_
33	cease	cease	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	29	conj	_	_
34	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	33	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	37	punct	_	_
36	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	37	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
37	Writings	writing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	obl	_	_
38	PSA.35.15	PSA.35.15	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	37	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
39	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	40	punct	_	_
40	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	38	flat	_	_
41	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	38	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
42	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	38	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **halt** | present | I |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **rejoice** | present | they |  |  |  |  |  | vn marvel-31.3 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 3 | **gather** | present | I *not said here* | themselves *= they* |  |  |  | together *property* | vn deduce-97.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent themselves=Theme |
| 4 | **gather** | present | the abjects | abjects *= abject* |  |  |  | against me; Writings *obl*; together *property* | vn deduce-97.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent themselves=Theme |
| 5 | **not** **know** | present | I |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 6 | **tear** | present | abjects *= abject* | me |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Initial\_Location i=Theme |
| 7 | **not** **cease** | infinitive | abjects *= abject* *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
All her people sigh, they seek bread; they have given their pleasant things for food to refresh the soul. 'See, O LORD, and behold, how abject I am become.' (Writings LAM.1.11, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* All her people sigh, they seek bread; they have given their pleasant things for food to refresh the soul. '

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:abject:x2:1
# text = All her people sigh, they seek bread; they have given their pleasant things for food to refresh the soul. '
1	All	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	3	det:predet	_	_
2	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
4	sigh	sigh	INTJ	UH	_	7	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	seek	seek	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	bread	bread	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	12	punct	_	_
10	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
11	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	aux	_	_
12	given	give	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	7	conj	_	_
13	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	15	nmod:poss	_	_
14	pleasant	pleasant	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obj	_	_
16	for	for	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	_
18	to	to	PART	TO	_	19	mark	_	_
19	refresh	refresh	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	12	advcl	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	soul	soul	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
23	'	'	PUNCT	''	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **seek** | present | her people | bread |  |  |  |  | vn hunt-35.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bread=Theme |
| 2 | **give** | present · perfect | people | people's pleasant things |  |  |  | for food | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP PP.asset»: agent=Agent thing=Theme for food=Asset |
| 3 | **refresh** | to-infinitive | people *not said here* | the soul |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus soul=Experiencer |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* See, O LORD, and behold, how abject I am become.'

<!-- fold The tree, 10 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:abject:x2:2
# text = See, O LORD, and behold, how abject I am become.'
1	See	see	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
3	O	o	INTJ	UH	_	4	discourse	_	_
4	LORD	LORD	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
7	behold	behold	INTJ	UH	_	10	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
9	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	10	advmod	_	_
10	abject	abject	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	parataxis	_	_
11	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
12	am	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux	_	_
13	become	become	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	'	'	PUNCT	''	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | imperative | you *not said here* | LORD |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **become** | present | I |  |  |  |  |  | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 3:* (Writings LAM.1.11, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:abject:x2:3
# text = (Writings LAM.1.11, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Writings	writing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	LAM.1.11	LAM.1.11	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The beggar lived in abject poverty.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:abject:x3:1
# text = The beggar lived in abject poverty.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	beggar	beggar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	lived	live	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	abject	abject	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	poverty	poverty	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** | past | the beggar |  |  | abject poverty |  |  | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in poverty=Location |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The soldier fled in abject fear.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:abject:x4:1
# text = The soldier fled in abject fear.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	soldier	soldier	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	fled	flee	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	abject	abject	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	fear	fear	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **flee** | past | the soldier |  |  | abject fear |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He made an abject apology to the king.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:abject:x5:1
# text = He made an abject apology to the king.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	abject	abject	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	apology	apology	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	king	king	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | He | a abject apology |  |  |  | to the king | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent apology=Product |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The prisoners lived in abject misery.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:abject:x6:1
# text = The prisoners lived in abject misery.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	prisoners	prisoner	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	lived	live	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	abject	abject	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	misery	misery	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** | past | the prisoners |  |  | abject misery |  |  | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in misery=Location |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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