---
title: accuse — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «accuse» in the Judaism dictionary: To accuse someone is to say that they did something wrong or bad. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# accuse

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** they, someone, he, high priest, Satan, She · **What happens:** accuse, be, do, break, show, stand · **To what, where:** someone, something, court, law, accused person, trial · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«accuse» in the Judaism dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [accuse in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/accuse.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To accuse someone is to say that they did something wrong or bad.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:accuse:m1:1
# text = To accuse someone is to say that they did something wrong or bad.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	accuse	accuse	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	advcl	_	_
3	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	say	say	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
8	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	did	do	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	ccomp	_	_
10	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	9	obj	_	_
11	wrong	wrong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
12	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	bad	bad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **accuse** | to-infinitive |  | someone |  |  |  |  | vn suspect-81 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Agent someone=Theme |
| 2 | **be** *speech: assert* | present |  |  |  |  |  | say *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **do** | past | they | something |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Eventuality |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In a court, to accuse someone is to say officially that they broke the law; the accused is the person on trial.

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:accuse:m2:1
# text = In a court, to accuse someone is to say officially that they broke the law; the accused is the person on trial.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	court	court	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	accuse	accuse	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	10	nsubj	_	_
8	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
9	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
10	say	say	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	parataxis	_	_
11	officially	officially	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
12	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	14	mark	_	_
13	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	14	nsubj	_	_
14	broke	break	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	ccomp	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	law	law	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
19	accused	accuse	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	22	amod	_	_
20	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	22	cop	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	parataxis	_	_
23	on	on	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
24	trial	trial	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **accuse** | to-infinitive |  |  |  | a court |  |  | vn suspect-81 «NP V PP.theme S\_ING»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **be** *speech: assert* | present | someone |  |  |  |  | officially, say *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **break** | past | they | the law |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer law=Patient |
| 4 | **accuse** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn suspect-81 «NP V PP.theme S\_ING»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **is a** | present |  | the accused person |  | trial |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And he showed me Joshua the high priest standing before the angel of the LORD, and Satan standing at his right hand to accuse him. (Prophets ZEC.3.1, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* And he showed me Joshua the high priest standing before the angel of the LORD, and Satan standing at his right hand to accuse him.

<!-- fold The tree, 25 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:accuse:x1:1
# text = And he showed me Joshua the high priest standing before the angel of the LORD, and Satan standing at his right hand to accuse him.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	showed	show	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	iobj	_	_
5	Joshua	Joshua	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	high	high	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	priest	priest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
9	standing	stand	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	acl	_	_
10	before	before	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	angel	angel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	LORD	LORD	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
18	Satan	Satan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	nsubj	_	_
19	standing	stand	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	_
20	at	at	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
21	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	23	nmod:poss	_	_
22	right	right	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	hand	hand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obl	_	_
24	to	to	PART	TO	_	25	mark	_	_
25	accuse	accuse	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	19	advcl	_	_
26	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	25	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | past | he | Joshua | me |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **stand** | gerund | the high priest *not said here* |  |  |  | before the angel of the LORD |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent before angel=Location |
| 3 | **stand** | gerund | Satan |  |  | Satan's right hand |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent at hand=Location |
| 4 | **accuse** | to-infinitive | Satan *not said here* | Satan |  |  |  |  | vn suspect-81 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Agent he=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Prophets ZEC.3.1, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:accuse:x1:2
# text = (Prophets ZEC.3.1, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Prophets	prophet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	ZEC.3.1	ZEC.3.1	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She accused her brother of eating the last biscuit.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:accuse:x2:1
# text = She accused her brother of eating the last biscuit.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	accused	accuse	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	brother	brother	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
6	eating	eat	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	acl	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	biscuit	biscuit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **accuse** | past | She | her brother |  |  |  |  | vn suspect-81 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Agent brother=Theme |
| 2 | **eat** | gerund | her brother *not said here* | the last biscuit |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent biscuit=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Don't accuse anyone until you know the facts.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:accuse:x3:1
# text = Don't accuse anyone until you know the facts.
1	Do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	3	advmod	_	_
3	accuse	accuse	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	anyone	anyone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	3	obj	_	_
5	until	until	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
6	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	know	know	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	facts	fact	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **accuse** | imperative · do-support | you *not said here* | anyone |  |  |  |  | vn suspect-81 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Agent anyone=Theme |
| 2 | **know** | present | you | the facts |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer fact=Stimulus |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The man was accused of stealing a bike.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:accuse:x4:1
# text = The man was accused of stealing a bike.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	accused	accuse	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
6	stealing	steal	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	advcl	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	bike	bike	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **accuse** | past · passive |  | the man |  |  |  |  | vn suspect-81 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **steal** | gerund |  | a bike |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location bike=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He felt sad when his friend accused him of lying.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:accuse:x5:1
# text = He felt sad when his friend accused him of lying.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	felt	feel	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	sad	sad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	_
4	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	7	advmod	_	_
5	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	friend	friend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
7	accused	accuse	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	_
8	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	_
9	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
10	lying	lie	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **feel** | past | He |  |  |  |  | sad *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus |
| 2 | **accuse** | past | his friend | him *= he* |  |  |  |  | vn suspect-81 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Agent he=Theme |
| 3 | **lie** | gerund | his friend *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The accused stood up in court.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:accuse:x6:1
# text = The accused stood up in court.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	accused	accuse	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	advcl	_	_
3	stood	stand	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	up	up	ADP	RP	_	3	compound:prt	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	court	court	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **accuse** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn suspect-81 «NP V PP.theme S\_ING»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **stand up** | past |  |  |  | court |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in court=Location |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In the story, the wolf was wrongly accused.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:accuse:x7:1
# text = In the story, the wolf was wrongly accused.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	story	story	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	wolf	wolf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj:pass	_	_
7	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux:pass	_	_
8	wrongly	wrongly	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
9	accused	accuse	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **accuse** | past · passive |  | the wolf |  | the story |  | wrongly *property* | vn suspect-81 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: subject=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Nobody likes to be accused of cheating.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:accuse:x8:1
# text = Nobody likes to be accused of cheating.
1	Nobody	nobody	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Neg	2	nsubj	_	_
2	likes	like	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
4	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	accused	accuse	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	xcomp	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	cheating	cheating	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **like** | present | Nobody |  |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Pivot clause=Theme |
| 2 | **accuse** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive · passive | Nobody *not said here* |  |  |  |  | of cheating | vn suspect-81 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: of cheating=Attribute |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He was accused of nothing less than murder.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:accuse:x9:1
# text = He was accused of nothing less than murder.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	accused	accuse	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	nothing	nothing	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Neg	3	obl	_	_
6	less	less	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	5	amod	_	_
7	than	than	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	murder	murder	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **accuse** | past · passive |  | He |  |  |  | of nothing | vn suspect-81 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: subject=Theme of nothing=Attribute |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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