---
title: aloft — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «aloft» in the Judaism dictionary: Up in the air or high above the ground: the kite stayed aloft for an hour. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# aloft

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** air, captain, God, winner, Warm air, eagle · **What happens:** stay, hold up, hold, carry, bear, stamp · **To what, where:** cup, God, waters, fire, storms, twelve celestial constellations

<!-- .vabout -->
«aloft» in the Judaism dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [aloft in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/aloft.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Up in the air or high above the ground: the kite stayed aloft for an hour.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:aloft:m1:1
# text = Up in the air or high above the ground: the kite stayed aloft for an hour.
1	Up	up	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
2	in	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	high	high	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	_
7	above	above	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	13	punct	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	kite	kite	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
13	stayed	stay	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
14	aloft	aloft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	xcomp	_	_
15	for	for	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	hour	hour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stay** | past | the air |  |  |  | hour | aloft *property* | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Held up high: the captain held the cup aloft.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:aloft:m2:1
# text = Held up high: the captain held the cup aloft.
1	Held	hold	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	advcl	_	_
2	up	up	ADP	RP	_	1	compound:prt	_	_
3	high	high	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	1	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	7	punct	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	captain	captain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
7	held	hold	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	cup	cup	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
10	aloft	aloft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hold up** | participle | the captain *not said here* |  |  |  |  | high *property* | vn support-15.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot |
| 2 | **hold** | past | the captain | the cup |  |  |  | aloft *property* | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cup=Theme |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: on ships — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Up in the masts and sails.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:aloft:m3:1
# text = Up in the masts and sails.
1	Up	up	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
2	in	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	masts	mast	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	sails	sail	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
God has carried these through waters, He has borne them aloft through fire, and He has stamped them in the storms of the air; He has distributed them among the seven stars, and has assigned them to twelve celestial constellations. (Sefer Yetzirah, Westcott 1887)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* God has carried these through waters, He has borne them aloft through fire, and He has stamped them in the storms of the air; He has distributed them among the seven stars, and has assigned them to twelve celestial constellations.

<!-- fold The tree, 40 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:aloft:x1:1
# text = God has carried these through waters, He has borne them aloft through fire, and He has stamped them in the storms of the air; He has distributed them among the seven stars, and has assigned them to twelve celestial constellations.
1	God	God	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	carried	carry	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	these	this	PRON	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	3	obj	_	_
5	through	through	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	waters	water	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
8	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
9	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
10	borne	bear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	3	conj	_	_
11	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	obj	_	_
12	aloft	aloft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	xcomp	_	_
13	through	through	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	fire	fire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
17	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	19	nsubj	_	_
18	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	19	aux	_	_
19	stamped	stamp	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	3	conj	_	_
20	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	19	obj	_	_
21	in	in	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	storms	storm	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	obl	_	_
24	of	of	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
25	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	30	punct	_	_
28	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	30	nsubj	_	_
29	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	30	aux	_	_
30	distributed	distribute	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	3	conj	_	_
31	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	30	obj	_	_
32	among	among	ADP	IN	_	35	case	_	_
33	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	35	det	_	_
34	seven	seven	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	35	nummod	_	_
35	stars	star	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	30	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	39	punct	_	_
37	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	39	cc	_	_
38	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	39	aux	_	_
39	assigned	assign	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	30	conj	_	_
40	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	39	obj	_	_
41	to	to	ADP	IN	_	44	case	_	_
42	twelve	twelve	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	44	nummod	_	_
43	celestial	celestial	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	44	compound	_	_
44	constellations	constellation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	39	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
45	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **carry** | present · perfect · passive |  | God |  | waters |  |  | vn cost-54.2 «NP V NP NP»: subject=Beneficiary this=Value |
| 2 | **bear** | present · perfect | God | waters *= water* |  | fire |  | aloft *property* | vn birth-28.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Patient |
| 3 | **stamp** | present · perfect | God | waters *= water* |  | the storms of the air |  |  | vn image\_impression-25.1 «NP V NP.theme PP.destination»: agent=Agent they=Theme in storm=Destination |
| 4 | **distribute** | present · perfect | God | waters *= water* |  |  |  | among the seven stars | vn contribute-13.2-1 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent they=Theme among star=Recipient |
| 5 | **assign** | present · perfect | God *not said here* | waters *= water* |  |  |  | to twelve celestial constellations *goal* | vn future\_having-13.3 «NP V NP PP.goal»: agent=Agent they=Theme to constellation=Goal |
| 6 | **storm** |  | the air |  |  |  |  |  | nom storm «phenomenon intransitive»: of=agent |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Sefer Yetzirah, Westcott 1887)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:aloft:x1:2
# text = (Sefer Yetzirah, Westcott 1887)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Sefer	Sefer	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	Yetzirah	Yetzirah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	Westcott	Westcott	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
6	1887	1887	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The winner held the trophy aloft.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:aloft:x2:1
# text = The winner held the trophy aloft.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	winner	winner	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	held	hold	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	trophy	trophy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	aloft	aloft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hold** | past | the winner | the trophy |  |  |  | aloft *property* | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent trophy=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Warm air keeps the hot-air balloon aloft.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:aloft:x3:1
# text = Warm air keeps the hot-air balloon aloft.
1	Warm	warm	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	keeps	keep	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
5	hot	hot	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	balloon	balloon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
9	aloft	aloft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **keep** | present | Warm air | the air balloon |  |  |  | aloft *property* | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent balloon=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The eagle stayed aloft without flapping its wings.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:aloft:x4:1
# text = The eagle stayed aloft without flapping its wings.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	eagle	eagle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	stayed	stay	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	aloft	aloft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	xcomp	_	_
5	without	without	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
6	flapping	flap	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	_
7	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	wings	wing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stay** | past | the eagle |  |  |  |  | aloft *property* | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **flap** | gerund | the eagle *not said here* | eagle's wings |  |  |  |  | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent wing=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sailors climbed aloft to fix the sail.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:aloft:x5:1
# text = Sailors climbed aloft to fix the sail.
1	Sailors	sailor	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	climbed	climb	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	aloft	aloft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	fix	fix	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	sail	sail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **climb** | past | Sailors |  |  |  |  | aloft *property* | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **fix** | to-infinitive | Sailors *not said here* | the sail |  |  |  |  | vn shake-22.3-2 «NP V NP together»: agent=Agent sail=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The kite was aloft for nearly an hour.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:aloft:x6:1
# text = The kite was aloft for nearly an hour.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	kite	kite	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	aloft	aloft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	nearly	nearly	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
7	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	hour	hour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the kite |  |  |  | hour | aloft *property* | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She held the torch aloft so we could see.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:aloft:x7:1
# text = She held the torch aloft so we could see.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	held	hold	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	torch	torch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	aloft	aloft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	_
6	so	so	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
7	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
8	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
9	see	see	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hold** | past | She | the torch |  |  |  | aloft *property* | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent torch=Theme |
| 2 | **see** | could | we |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A Hawk observed it, and, pouncing upon it with his talons, carried it aloft.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:aloft:x8:1
# text = A Hawk observed it, and, pouncing upon it with his talons, carried it aloft.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Hawk	Hawk	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	observed	observe	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
8	pouncing	pounce	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	15	advcl	_	_
9	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	obl	_	_
11	with	with	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	13	nmod:poss	_	_
13	talons	talon	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
15	carried	carry	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
16	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	obj	_	_
17	aloft	aloft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **observe** | past | a Hawk | it |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent it=Topic |
| 2 | **pounce** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | upon Hawk; with his talons | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme upon it=Trajectory |
| 3 | **carry** | past | a Hawk *not said here* | Hawk |  |  |  | aloft *property* | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme |

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**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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