---
title: aramaic — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «aramaic» in the Judaism dictionary: An ancient Semitic language related to Hebrew, once spoken across the Middle East. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# aramaic

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Onqelos, earth, we · **What happens:** speak, render, be, desolate, live, tell · **To what, where:** ancient Semitic language, Middle East, it, Aramaic, Chaldeans, dream · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«aramaic» in the Judaism dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 3 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [aramaic in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/aramaic.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An ancient Semitic language related to Hebrew, once spoken across the Middle East.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:aramaic:m1:1
# text = An ancient Semitic language related to Hebrew, once spoken across the Middle East.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	ancient	ancient	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	Semitic	semitic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	related	related	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Hebrew	Hebrew	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
9	once	once	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Mult	10	advmod	_	_
10	spoken	speak	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl	_	_
11	across	across	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	Middle	Middle	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	_
14	East	East	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | participle |  | a ancient Semitic language *not said here* |  | the Middle East |  | once *property* | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Onqelos, who renders it into Aramaic as צָדְיָא וְרוֹקָנְיָא tzadya weroqanya ‘(and the earth was) barren and desolate’ (https://cal.huc.edu/comment.php?coord=5100101021). (Sefer Yetzirah, Sefaria community translation)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Onqelos, who renders it into Aramaic as צָדְיָא וְרוֹקָנְיָא tzadya weroqanya ‘(and the earth was) barren and desolate’ (https://cal.huc.edu/comment.php?coord=5100101021).

<!-- fold The tree, 23 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:aramaic:x1:1
# text = Onqelos, who renders it into Aramaic as צָדְיָא וְרוֹקָנְיָא tzadya weroqanya ‘(and the earth was) barren and desolate’ (https://cal.huc.edu/comment.php?coord=5100101021).
1	Onqelos	Onqelos	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
3	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	4	nsubj	_	_
4	renders	render	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	obj	_	_
6	into	into	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Aramaic	Aramaic	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
8	as	as	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	צָדְיָא	צָדְיָא	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
10	וְרוֹקָנְיָא	וְרוֹקָנְיָא	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	tzadya	tzadya	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	_
12	weroqanya	weroqanya	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	_
13	‘	‘	SYM	SYM	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	earth	earth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	nsubj	_	_
18	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	20	cop	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	18	punct	_	_
20	barren	barren	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	parataxis	_	_
21	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
22	desolate	desolate	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	20	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	’	'	PUNCT	''	_	20	punct	_	_
24	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	25	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	https://cal.huc.edu/comment.php	https://cal.huc.edu/comment.php	PROPN	ADD	_	4	list	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	27	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	coord	coord	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	=	=	SYM	SYM	_	29	case	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	5100101021	5100101021	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	27	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	29	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **render** | present | Onqelos | it |  | Aramaic |  | as צָדְיָא וְרוֹקָנְיָא tzadya weroqanya | vn give-13.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | past | the earth |  |  |  |  | barren *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **desolate** | infinitive | the earth *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Sefer Yetzirah, Sefaria community translation)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:aramaic:x1:2
# text = (Sefer Yetzirah, Sefaria community translation)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Sefer	Sefer	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	Yetzirah	Yetzirah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
5	Sefaria	Sefaria	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
6	community	community	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	translation	translation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Then spoke the Chaldeans to the king in Aramaic: 'O king, live for ever! tell thy servants the dream, and we will declare the interpretation.' (Writings DAN.2.4, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Then spoke the Chaldeans to the king in Aramaic: 'O king, live for ever! tell thy servants the dream, and we will declare the interpretation.'

<!-- fold The tree, 25 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:aramaic:x2:1
# text = Then spoke the Chaldeans to the king in Aramaic: 'O king, live for ever! tell thy servants the dream, and we will declare the interpretation.'
1	Then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	2	advmod	_	_
2	spoke	speak	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	Chaldeans	Chaldean	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	king	king	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	Aramaic	Aramaic	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	15	punct	_	_
11	'	'	PUNCT	``	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	O	of	ADP	IN	Abbr=Yes	13	case	_	_
13	king	king	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
15	live	live	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
16	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	19	mark	_	_
17	ever	ever	ADV	RB	PronType=Ind	19	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	17	punct	_	_
19	tell	tell	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	15	advcl	_	_
20	thy	thy	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	21	nmod:poss	_	_
21	servants	servant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	iobj	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	dream	dream	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	28	punct	_	_
25	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	28	cc	_	_
26	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	28	nsubj	_	_
27	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	28	aux	_	_
28	declare	declare	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	parataxis	_	_
29	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	30	det	_	_
30	interpretation	interpretation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	28	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	'	'	PUNCT	''	_	28	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | past |  | the Chaldeans |  | Aramaic | then | to the king | tree rules |
| 2 | **live** | present |  |  |  |  |  | of king | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **tell** *speech: assert* | infinitive |  | the dream | thy servants |  | ever |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent servant=Recipient dream=Topic |
| 4 | **declare** *speech: other* | future | we | the interpretation |  |  |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent interpretation=Attribute |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Writings DAN.2.4, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:aramaic:x2:2
# text = (Writings DAN.2.4, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Writings	writing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	DAN.2.4	DAN.2.4	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And in the days of Artaxerxes wrote Bishlam, Mithredath, Tabeel, and the rest of his companions, unto Artaxerxes king of Persia; and the writing of the letter was written in the Aramaic character, and set forth in the Aramaic tongue. (Writings EZR.4.7, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* And in the days of Artaxerxes wrote Bishlam, Mithredath, Tabeel, and the rest of his companions, unto Artaxerxes king of Persia; and the writing of the letter was written in the Aramaic character, and set forth in the Aramaic tongue.

<!-- fold The tree, 40 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:aramaic:x3:1
# text = And in the days of Artaxerxes wrote Bishlam, Mithredath, Tabeel, and the rest of his companions, unto Artaxerxes king of Persia; and the writing of the letter was written in the Aramaic character, and set forth in the Aramaic tongue.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
2	in	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	days	day	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	Artaxerxes	Artaxerxes	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
7	wrote	write	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	Bishlam	Bishlam	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	Mithredath	Mithredath	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
12	Tabeel	Tabeel	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	rest	rest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
17	of	of	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	19	nmod:poss	_	_
19	companions	companion	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
21	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
22	Artaxerxes	Artaxerx	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	23	compound	_	_
23	king	king	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	appos	_	_
24	of	of	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
25	Persia	Persia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	23	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	34	punct	_	_
27	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	34	cc	_	_
28	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	29	det	_	_
29	writing	writing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	34	nsubj:pass	_	_
30	of	of	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
31	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	32	det	_	_
32	letter	letter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	nmod	_	_
33	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	34	aux:pass	_	_
34	written	write	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	advcl	_	_
35	in	in	ADP	IN	_	38	case	_	_
36	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	38	det	_	_
37	Aramaic	Aramaic	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	38	compound	_	_
38	character	character	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	34	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
39	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	41	punct	_	_
40	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	41	cc	_	_
41	set	set	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	34	conj	_	_
42	forth	forth	ADV	RB	_	41	advmod	_	_
43	in	in	ADP	IN	_	46	case	_	_
44	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	46	det	_	_
45	Aramaic	Aramaic	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	46	compound	_	_
46	tongue	tongue	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	41	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
47	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **write** | past |  | Bishlam and Tabeel |  |  | day | the rest of Tabeel's companions *obl* | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bishlam=Theme |
| 2 | **write** | past · passive |  | the writing of the letter |  | the Aramaic character |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme in character=Destination |
| 3 | **set** | infinitive |  |  |  | the Aramaic tongue |  | forth *property* | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent in tongue=Destination |
| 4 | **write** |  |  | the letter |  |  |  |  | nom writing «act transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Writings EZR.4.7, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:aramaic:x3:2
# text = (Writings EZR.4.7, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Writings	writing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	EZR.4.7	EZR.4.7	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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