---
title: archaeological — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «archaeological» in the Judaism dictionary: About archaeology: the study of the past by digging up and studying old objects, buildings and bones. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# archaeological

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** study, I, candid reader, great difficulties, Stonehenge, They · **What happens:** dig up, study, hope, consider, have, overcome · **To what, where:** old objects, past, great difficulties, new contribution, famous archaeological site, Roman coins · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«archaeological» in the Judaism dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [archaeological in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/archaeological.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
About archaeology: the study of the past by digging up and studying old objects, buildings and bones.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:archaeological:m1:1
# text = About archaeology: the study of the past by digging up and studying old objects, buildings and bones.
1	About	about	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	archaeology	archaeology	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	5	punct	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	study	study	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	past	past	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
9	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
10	digging	dig	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	acl	_	_
11	up	up	ADP	RP	_	10	compound:prt	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	studying	study	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	10	conj	_	_
14	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	objects	object	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
17	buildings	building	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	conj	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
19	bones	bone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **dig up** | gerund | the study of the past *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn create-26.4-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **study** | gerund | the study of the past *not said here* | old objects and buildings and bones |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent object=Topic |
| 3 | **study** |  |  | the past |  |  |  |  | nom study «act transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I therefore hope that the candid reader will consider the great difficulties I had to overcome in this still unbeaten way of the ancient Jewish spiritual region, and will receive with indulgence this new contribution to archaeological knowledge. (Sefer Yetzirah, Kalisch 1877)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* I therefore hope that the candid reader will consider the great difficulties I had to overcome in this still unbeaten way of the ancient Jewish spiritual region, and will receive with indulgence this new contribution to archaeological knowledge.

<!-- fold The tree, 38 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:archaeological:x1:1
# text = I therefore hope that the candid reader will consider the great difficulties I had to overcome in this still unbeaten way of the ancient Jewish spiritual region, and will receive with indulgence this new contribution to archaeological knowledge.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	therefore	therefore	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
3	hope	hope	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	candid	candid	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	reader	reader	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
8	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
9	consider	consider	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	ccomp	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	difficulties	difficulty	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obj	_	_
13	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	14	nsubj	_	_
14	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	12	acl:relcl	_	_
15	to	to	PART	TO	_	16	mark	_	_
16	overcome	overcome	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	14	xcomp	_	_
17	in	in	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
18	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	21	det	_	_
19	still	still	ADV	RB	_	20	advmod	_	_
20	unbeaten	unbeaten	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	_
21	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obl	_	_
22	of	of	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
24	ancient	ancient	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	27	amod	_	_
25	Jewish	Jewish	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	27	amod	_	_
26	spiritual	spiritual	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	27	amod	_	_
27	region	region	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	31	punct	_	_
29	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	31	cc	_	_
30	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	31	aux	_	_
31	receive	receive	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	conj	_	_
32	with	with	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
33	indulgence	indulgence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	31	obl	_	_
34	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	36	det	_	_
35	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	36	amod	_	_
36	contribution	contribution	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	31	obj	_	_
37	to	to	ADP	IN	_	39	case	_	_
38	archaeological	archaeological	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	39	amod	_	_
39	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	31	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
40	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hope** | present | I |  |  |  |  | therefore *property* | vn long-32.2 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Pivot clause=Theme |
| 2 | **consider** | future | the candid reader | the great difficulties |  |  |  |  | vn consider-29.9-1-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Agent difficulty=Attribute |
| 3 | **have** | past | I | the great difficulties *not said here* |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **overcome** | to-infinitive | the great difficulties *not said here* |  |  |  |  | in this unbeaten way of the ancient Jewish spiritual region | vn exceed-90 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Pivot in way=Attribute |
| 5 | **receive** | future | I *not said here* | this new contribution |  |  |  | with indulgence; to archaeological knowledge | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent contribution=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Sefer Yetzirah, Kalisch 1877)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:archaeological:x1:2
# text = (Sefer Yetzirah, Kalisch 1877)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Sefer	Sefer	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	Yetzirah	Yetzirah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	Kalisch	Kalisch	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
6	1877	1877	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Stonehenge is a famous archaeological site.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:archaeological:x2:1
# text = Stonehenge is a famous archaeological site.
1	Stonehenge	Stonehenge	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
4	famous	famous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
5	archaeological	archaeological	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	site	site	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Stonehenge | a famous archaeological site |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
They found Roman coins on an archaeological dig.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:archaeological:x3:1
# text = They found Roman coins on an archaeological dig.
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	found	find	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	Roman	roman	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	coins	coin	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	archaeological	archaeological	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	dig	dig	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **find** | past | They | Roman coins |  | a archaeological dig |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent coin=Topic |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Archaeological evidence shows people lived here 5,000 years ago.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:archaeological:x4:1
# text = Archaeological evidence shows people lived here 5,000 years ago.
1	Archaeological	archaeological	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	evidence	evidence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	shows	show	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
5	lived	live	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	ccomp	_	_
6	here	here	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	5	advmod	_	_
7	5,000	5000	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
8	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl:unmarked	_	_
9	ago	ago	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | present | Archaeological evidence |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **live** | past | people |  |  | here |  | ago *property* | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We visited an archaeological museum.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:archaeological:x5:1
# text = We visited an archaeological museum.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	visited	visit	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	archaeological	archaeological	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	museum	museum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **visit** | past | We | a archaeological museum |  |  |  |  | vn meet-36.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent museum=Co-Agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The farmer's field became an archaeological treasure.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:archaeological:x6:1
# text = The farmer's field became an archaeological treasure.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	farmer	farmer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	field	field	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	became	become	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	archaeological	archaeological	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	treasure	treasure	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **become** | past | the farmer's field | a archaeological treasure |  |  |  |  | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Archaeological work must be done slowly and carefully.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:archaeological:x7:1
# text = Archaeological work must be done slowly and carefully.
1	Archaeological	archaeological	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	work	work	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
4	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	done	do	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	slowly	slowly	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	carefully	carefully	ADV	RB	_	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do** | must · passive |  | Archaeological work |  |  |  | slowly *property* | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Eventuality |

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**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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