---
title: backward — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «backward» in the Judaism dictionary: Backward means toward the back, or in the direction behind you. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# backward

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** adjective, Dan, that, rider, Shem, faces · **What happens:** mean, start, change, grow, be, bite · **To what, where:** serpent, way, heels, garment, shoulders, nakedness · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«backward» in the Judaism dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 17 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [backward in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/backward.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Backward means toward the back, or in the direction behind you.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:backward:m1:1
# text = Backward means toward the back, or in the direction behind you.
1	Backward	backward	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	toward	toward	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	back	back	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	direction	direction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	parataxis	_	_
11	behind	behind	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  | toward the back; backward *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Backward means in the opposite order, from end to start.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:backward:m2:1
# text = Backward means in the opposite order, from end to start.
1	Backward	backward	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	opposite	opposite	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	order	order	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	from	from	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	end	end	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	parataxis	_	_
10	to	to	PART	TO	_	11	mark	_	_
11	start	start	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  | in the opposite order; backward *property* | vn representation-110.1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Pivot in order=Attribute |
| 2 | **start** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Backward (adjective) can mean slower to change or grow than others.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:backward:m3:1
# text = Backward (adjective) can mean slower to change or grow than others.
1	Backward	backward	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
2	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	adjective	adjective	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	3	punct	_	_
5	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
6	mean	mean	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
7	slower	slow	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	6	xcomp	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	change	change	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	xcomp	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	grow	grow	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	conj	_	_
12	than	than	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	others	other	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | can | adjective |  |  |  |  | backward, slow *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **change** | to-infinitive | adjective *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **grow** | infinitive | adjective *not said here* |  |  |  |  | than others | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dan shall be a serpent in the way, a horned snake in the path, that biteth the horse's heels, so that his rider falleth backward. (Torah GEN.49.17, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Dan shall be a serpent in the way, a horned snake in the path, that biteth the horse's heels, so that his rider falleth backward.

<!-- fold The tree, 26 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:backward:x1:1
# text = Dan shall be a serpent in the way, a horned snake in the path, that biteth the horse's heels, so that his rider falleth backward.
1	Dan	Dan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
3	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	serpent	serpent	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	horned	horned	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	snake	snake	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
13	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	path	path	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
17	that	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	18	nsubj	_	_
18	biteth	bite	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	parataxis	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	horse	horse	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	's	's	PART	POS	_	20	case	_	_
22	heels	heel	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	28	punct	_	_
24	so	so	SCONJ	IN	ExtPos=SCONJ	28	mark	_	_
25	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	24	fixed	_	_
26	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	27	nmod:poss	_	_
27	rider	rider	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	nsubj	_	_
28	falleth	fall	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	18	conj	_	_
29	backward	backward	ADV	RB	_	28	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | shall | Dan | a serpent and a horned snake in the path |  | the way |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **bite** | present | that | the horse's heels |  |  |  |  | vn swat-18.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent heel=Patient |
| 3 | **fall** | present | Dan's rider |  |  |  |  | backward *property* | vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Torah GEN.49.17, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:backward:x1:2
# text = (Torah GEN.49.17, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Torah	Torah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	GEN.49.17	GEN.49.17	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And Shem and Japheth took a garment, and laid it upon both their shoulders, and went backward, and covered the nakedness of their father; and their faces were backward, and they saw not their father's nakedness. (Torah GEN.9.23, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* And Shem and Japheth took a garment, and laid it upon both their shoulders, and went backward, and covered the nakedness of their father; and their faces were backward, and they saw not their father's nakedness.

<!-- fold The tree, 37 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:backward:x2:1
# text = And Shem and Japheth took a garment, and laid it upon both their shoulders, and went backward, and covered the nakedness of their father; and their faces were backward, and they saw not their father's nakedness.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
2	Shem	Shem	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	Japheth	Japheth	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
5	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	garment	garment	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	laid	lay	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
11	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	obj	_	_
12	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
13	both	both	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	15	det:predet	_	_
14	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	15	nmod:poss	_	_
15	shoulders	shoulder	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
18	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
19	backward	backward	ADV	RB	_	18	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
21	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
22	covered	cover	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	18	conj	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
24	nakedness	nakedness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obj	_	_
25	of	of	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
26	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	27	nmod:poss	_	_
27	father	father	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	33	punct	_	_
29	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	33	cc	_	_
30	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	31	nmod:poss	_	_
31	faces	face	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	33	nsubj	_	_
32	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	33	cop	_	_
33	backward	backward	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	37	punct	_	_
35	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	37	cc	_	_
36	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	37	nsubj	_	_
37	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
38	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	37	advmod	_	_
39	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	40	nmod:poss	_	_
40	father	father	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	42	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
41	's	's	PART	POS	_	40	case	_	_
42	nakedness	nakedness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	37	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
43	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | past | Shem and Japheth | a garment |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent garment=Theme |
| 2 | **lay** | past | Shem and Japheth *not said here* | garment |  | Shem's shoulders |  |  | vn put\_spatial-9.2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent it=Theme upon shoulder=Destination |
| 3 | **go** | past | Shem and Japheth *not said here* |  |  |  |  | backward *property* | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **cover** | past | Shem and Japheth *not said here* | the nakedness of Shem's father |  |  |  |  | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme nakedness=Destination |
| 5 | **is** | past | Shem's faces |  |  |  |  | backward *property* | tree rules |
| 6 | **not** **see** | past | faces *= face* | Shem's father's nakedness |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer nakedness=Stimulus |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Torah GEN.9.23, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:backward:x2:2
# text = (Torah GEN.9.23, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Torah	Torah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	GEN.9.23	GEN.9.23	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Eighth ; He looked backward, and sealed the West (Sefer Yetzirah, Westcott 1893)

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:backward:x3:1
# text = Eighth ; He looked backward, and sealed the West (Sefer Yetzirah, Westcott 1893)
1	Eighth	eighth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl:unmarked	_	_
2	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	1	punct	_	_
3	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
4	looked	look	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	backward	backward	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	sealed	seal	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	West	West	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	Sefer	Sefer	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	compound	_	_
13	Yetzirah	Yetzirah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
15	Westcott	Westcott	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	16	nmod:unmarked	_	_
16	1893	1893	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	13	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	13	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **look** | past | He | Eighth |  |  |  | backward *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus |
| 2 | **seal** | past | He *not said here* | the West |  |  |  |  | vn tape-22.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent west=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The sea saw it, and fled; the Jordan turned backward. (Writings PSA.114.3, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* The sea saw it, and fled; the Jordan turned backward.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:backward:x4:1
# text = The sea saw it, and fled; the Jordan turned backward.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	fled	flee	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	Jordan	Jordan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
11	turned	turn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
12	backward	backward	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | past | the sea | it |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer it=Stimulus |
| 2 | **flee** | past | the sea *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **turn** | past | the Jordan |  |  |  |  | backward *property* | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Writings PSA.114.3, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:backward:x4:2
# text = (Writings PSA.114.3, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Writings	writing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	PSA.114.3	PSA.114.3	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Let them be ashamed and turned backward, all they that hate Zion. (Writings PSA.129.5, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Let them be ashamed and turned backward, all they that hate Zion.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:backward:x5:1
# text = Let them be ashamed and turned backward, all they that hate Zion.
1	Let	let	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	1	obj	_	_
3	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	cop	_	_
4	ashamed	ashamed	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	xcomp	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	turned	turn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
7	backward	backward	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
9	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	12	advmod	_	_
10	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
11	that	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	12	nsubj	_	_
12	hate	hate	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	parataxis	_	_
13	Zion	Zion	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **let** | imperative | you *not said here* | them *= they* |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | infinitive | them *= they* *not said here* |  |  |  |  | ashamed *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **turn** | past | them *= they* *not said here* |  |  |  |  | backward *property* | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **hate** | present | they | Zion |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer zion=Stimulus |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Writings PSA.129.5, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:backward:x5:2
# text = (Writings PSA.129.5, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Writings	writing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	PSA.129.5	PSA.129.5	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And He smote His adversaries backward; He put upon them a perpetual reproach. (Writings PSA.78.66, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* And He smote His adversaries backward; He put upon them a perpetual reproach.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:backward:x6:1
# text = And He smote His adversaries backward; He put upon them a perpetual reproach.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	smote	smite	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	His	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	adversaries	adversary	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	backward	backward	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	put	put	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
10	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	obl	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	perpetual	perpetual	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	reproach	reproach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **smite** | past | He | His adversaries |  |  |  | backward *property* | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus adversary=Experiencer |
| 2 | **put** | past | He | a perpetual reproach |  |  |  | upon adversaries *= adversary* | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V PP.destination NP»: agent=Agent reproach=Theme upon they=Destination |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Writings PSA.78.66, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:backward:x6:2
# text = (Writings PSA.78.66, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Writings	writing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	PSA.78.66	PSA.78.66	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Count backward from 20 by 2s.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:backward:x7:1
# text = Count backward from 20 by 2s.
1	Count	count	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	backward	backward	ADV	RB	_	1	advmod	_	_
3	from	from	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	20	20	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	1	obl	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	2s	2	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **count** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  | 20 |  | by 2s; backward *property* | vn matter-91 «NP V»: agent=Stimulus |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He took 3 steps backward.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:backward:x8:1
# text = He took 3 steps backward.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	3	3	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	steps	step	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl:unmarked	_	_
5	backward	backward	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | past | He |  |  |  |  | backward *property* | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Read the number backward.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:backward:x9:1
# text = Read the number backward.
1	Read	read	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	number	number	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	backward	backward	ADV	RB	_	1	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **read** | imperative | you *not said here* | the number |  |  |  | backward *property* | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent number=Topic |

## Example 10 {#x10}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The frog jumps 5 feet forward and 2 feet backward.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:backward:x10:1
# text = The frog jumps 5 feet forward and 2 feet backward.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	frog	frog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	jumps	jump	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	5	5	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
5	feet	foot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	forward	forward	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
8	2	2	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	9	nummod	_	_
9	feet	foot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	conj	_	_
10	backward	backward	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **jump** | present | the frog | 5 feet |  |  |  | backward, forward *property* | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme foot=Trajectory |

## Example 11 {#x11}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She can say the alphabet backwards.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:backward:x11:1
# text = She can say the alphabet backwards.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	say	say	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	alphabet	alphabet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	backwards	backwards	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | can | She | the alphabet |  |  |  | backwards *property* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent alphabet=Topic |

## Example 12 {#x12}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Walk backward slowly and carefully.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:backward:x12:1
# text = Walk backward slowly and carefully.
1	Walk	walk	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	backward	backward	ADV	RB	_	1	advmod	_	_
3	slowly	slowly	ADV	RB	_	1	advmod	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	carefully	carefully	ADV	RB	_	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **walk** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | backward, slowly *property* | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 13 {#x13}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The video played backward.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:backward:x13:1
# text = The video played backward.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	video	video	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	played	play	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	backward	backward	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **play** | past | the video |  |  |  |  | backward *property* | vn performance-26.7-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 14 {#x14}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Count backward from 10 to 1 for the rocket launch.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:backward:x14:1
# text = Count backward from 10 to 1 for the rocket launch.
1	Count	count	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	backward	backward	ADV	RB	_	1	advmod	_	_
3	from	from	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	10	10	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	1	obl	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	1	1	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	4	nmod	_	_
7	for	for	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	rocket	rocket	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	launch	launch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **count** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  | 10 to 1 |  | for the rocket launch; backward *property* | vn matter-91 «NP V»: agent=Stimulus |

## Example 15 {#x15}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He fell backward into the pool.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:backward:x15:1
# text = He fell backward into the pool.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	fell	fall	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	backward	backward	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
4	into	into	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	pool	pool	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fall** | past | He |  |  |  |  | into the pool *result*; backward *property* | vn become-109.1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient into pool=Result |

## Example 16 {#x16}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She bent over backwards to help us.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:backward:x16:1
# text = She bent over backwards to help us.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	bent	bend	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	over	over	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	backwards	backwards	ADV	RB	_	2	obl	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	help	help	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
7	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bend** | past | She |  |  |  |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent over backwards=Location |
| 2 | **help** | to-infinitive | She *not said here* |  | us |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent we=Beneficiary |

## Example 17 {#x17}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He moved his head backwards and forwards and flew away.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:backward:x17:1
# text = He moved his head backwards and forwards and flew away.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	moved	move	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	head	head	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	backwards	backwards	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	forwards	forwards	ADV	RB	_	5	conj	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	flew	fly	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
10	away	away	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **move** | past | He | his head |  |  |  | backwards *property* | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent head=Theme |
| 2 | **fly away** | past | He *not said here* |  |  |  |  | away *property* | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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