---
title: betray — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «betray» in the Judaism dictionary: To betray someone is to hurt them by being disloyal, for example by telling their secret, breaking a promise or helping their enemy. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# betray

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** someone, shaking hands, her, accident, others, you · **What happens:** betray, be, tell, break, help, mean · **To what, where:** secret, promise, enemy, country, feeling, fear · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«betray» in the Judaism dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 10 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [betray in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/betray.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To betray someone is to hurt them by being disloyal, for example by telling their secret, breaking a promise or helping their enemy.

<!-- fold The tree, 23 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:betray:m1:1
# text = To betray someone is to hurt them by being disloyal, for example by telling their secret, breaking a promise or helping their enemy.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	betray	betray	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	6	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	hurt	hurt	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	ccomp	_	_
7	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	obj	_	_
8	by	by	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	10	cop	_	_
10	disloyal	disloyal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	for	for	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	example	example	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
14	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	15	mark	_	_
15	telling	tell	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
16	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	17	nmod:poss	_	_
17	secret	secret	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
19	breaking	break	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	15	conj	_	_
20	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	promise	promise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obj	_	_
22	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
23	helping	help	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	15	conj	_	_
24	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	25	nmod:poss	_	_
25	enemy	enemy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **betray** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | for example | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | present | someone |  |  |  |  | hurt *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **is** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | disloyal *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **tell** *speech: assert* | gerund |  | their secret |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent secret=Recipient |
| 5 | **break** | gerund |  | a promise |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer promise=Patient |
| 6 | **help** | gerund |  | their enemy |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent enemy=Beneficiary |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To betray your country is to help its enemies.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:betray:m2:1
# text = To betray your country is to help its enemies.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	betray	betray	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	advcl	_	_
3	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	country	country	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	help	help	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	enemies	enemy	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **betray** | to-infinitive |  | your country |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | help *property* | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To betray a feeling is to show it without meaning to: «Her shaking hands betrayed her fear.».

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:betray:m3:1
# text = To betray a feeling is to show it without meaning to: «Her shaking hands betrayed her fear.».
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	betray	betray	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	advcl	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	feeling	feeling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	show	show	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	_
9	without	without	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
10	meaning	mean	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	7	advcl	_	_
11	to	to	ADP	IN	_	10	fixed	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	17	punct	_	_
13	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	Her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	16	nmod:poss	_	_
15	shaking	shake	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	16	amod	_	_
16	hands	hand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	nsubj	_	_
17	betrayed	betray	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	parataxis	_	_
18	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	19	nmod:poss	_	_
19	fear	fear	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **betray** | to-infinitive |  | a feeling |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | show *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **mean** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **shake** *in a quote* | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn shake-22.3-2 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient |
| 5 | **betray** *in a quote* | past | Her shaking hands | her fear |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 6 | **fear** *in a quote* |  | her *= she* |  |  |  |  |  | nom fear «feeling transitive»: poss=agent |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A thing that is hidden can be betrayed when it is revealed by accident, so that others can see the truth.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:betray:m4:1
# text = A thing that is hidden can be betrayed when it is revealed by accident, so that others can see the truth.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	thing	thing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	hidden	hide	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl:relcl	_	_
6	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
7	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	aux:pass	_	_
8	betrayed	betray	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
9	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	12	advmod	_	_
10	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj:pass	_	_
11	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	aux:pass	_	_
12	revealed	reveal	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	advcl	_	_
13	by	by	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	accident	accident	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
16	so	so	SCONJ	IN	ExtPos=SCONJ	20	mark	_	_
17	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	16	fixed	_	_
18	others	other	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	nsubj	_	_
19	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	20	aux	_	_
20	see	see	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	parataxis	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	truth	truth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hide** | present · passive |  | a thing |  |  |  |  | vn concealment-16-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |
| 2 | **betray** | can · passive |  | a thing |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **reveal** | present · passive | accident | thing |  |  |  |  | vn confess-37.10 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Topic |
| 4 | **see** | can | others | the truth |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer truth=Stimulus |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
'Give counsel, execute justice; make thy shadow as the night in the midst of the noonday; hide the outcasts; betray not the fugitive. (Prophets ISA.16.3, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* 'Give counsel, execute justice; make thy shadow as the night in the midst of the noonday; hide the outcasts; betray not the fugitive.

<!-- fold The tree, 23 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:betray:x1:1
# text = 'Give counsel, execute justice; make thy shadow as the night in the midst of the noonday; hide the outcasts; betray not the fugitive.
1	'	'	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Give	give	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	counsel	counsel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	execute	execute	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	justice	justice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	8	punct	_	_
8	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
9	thy	thy	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	shadow	shadow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	as	as	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
14	in	in	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	midst	midst	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
17	of	of	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	noonday	noonday	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	21	punct	_	_
21	hide	hide	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	outcasts	outcast	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	25	punct	_	_
25	betray	betray	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
26	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	25	advmod	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
28	fugitive	fugitive	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | imperative | you *not said here* | counsel and execute justice |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent counsel=Theme |
| 2 | **make** | infinitive | you *not said here* | thy shadow |  | the midst of the noonday | night |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset shadow=Product |
| 3 | **hide** | infinitive | you *not said here* | the outcasts |  |  |  |  | vn concealment-16-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent outcast=Patient |
| 4 | **not** **betray** | infinitive | you *not said here* | the fugitive |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **shadow** |  | thy |  |  |  |  |  | nom shadow «state transitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Prophets ISA.16.3, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:betray:x1:2
# text = (Prophets ISA.16.3, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Prophets	prophet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	ISA.16.3	ISA.16.3	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He betrayed his friend by telling everyone her secret.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:betray:x2:1
# text = He betrayed his friend by telling everyone her secret.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	betrayed	betray	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	friend	friend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
6	telling	tell	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
7	everyone	everyone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Tot	6	iobj	_	_
8	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	secret	secret	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **betray** | past | He | his friend |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **tell** *speech: assert* | gerund | He *not said here* | friend's secret | everyone |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent everyone=Recipient secret=Topic |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I felt betrayed when she broke her promise.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:betray:x3:1
# text = I felt betrayed when she broke her promise.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	felt	feel	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	betrayed	betray	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	ccomp	_	_
4	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	6	advmod	_	_
5	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	broke	break	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	_
7	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	promise	promise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **feel** | past | I |  |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5-2 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **betray** | past | I *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **break** | past | she | her promise |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer promise=Patient |
| 4 | **promise** |  | her *= she* |  |  |  |  |  | nom promise «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Edmund betrayed his brother and sisters to the witch.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:betray:x4:1
# text = Edmund betrayed his brother and sisters to the witch.
1	Edmund	Edmund	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	betrayed	betray	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	brother	brother	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	sisters	sister	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	conj	_	_
7	to	to	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	witch	witch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **betray** | past | Edmund | Edmund's brother and sisters |  |  |  | to the witch | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The spy betrayed his country.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:betray:x5:1
# text = The spy betrayed his country.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	spy	spy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	betrayed	betray	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	country	country	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **betray** | past | the spy | spy's country |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Her red face betrayed her embarrassment.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:betray:x6:1
# text = Her red face betrayed her embarrassment.
1	Her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	red	red	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	face	face	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	betrayed	betray	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	embarrassment	embarrassment	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **betray** | past | Her red face | face's embarrassment |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **embarrass** |  | face |  |  |  |  |  | nom embarrassment «feeling transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Don't betray the trust people give you.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:betray:x7:1
# text = Don't betray the trust people give you.
1	Do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	3	advmod	_	_
3	betray	betray	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	trust	trust	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
7	give	give	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
8	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	7	iobj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **betray** | imperative · do-support | you *not said here* | the trust |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **give** | present | people | the trust *not said here* | you |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent you=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
His voice betrayed how nervous he was.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:betray:x8:1
# text = His voice betrayed how nervous he was.
1	His	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	voice	voice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	betrayed	betray	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	5	advmod	_	_
5	nervous	nervous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	ccomp	_	_
6	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
7	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **betray** | past | His voice |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | past | voice |  |  |  |  | nervous *property* | tree rules |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Telling an adult about a dangerous secret is not betraying anyone.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:betray:x9:1
# text = Telling an adult about a dangerous secret is not betraying anyone.
1	Telling	tell	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	10	csubj	_	_
2	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	adult	adult	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	about	about	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	dangerous	dangerous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	secret	secret	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
8	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
9	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	10	advmod	_	_
10	betraying	betray	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
11	anyone	anyone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **tell** *speech: assert* | gerund |  |  | a adult |  |  | about a dangerous secret | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent adult=Recipient about secret=Topic |
| 2 | **not** **betray** | present · progressive | Telling | anyone |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 10 {#x10}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A false tale often betrays itself.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:betray:x10:1
# text = A false tale often betrays itself.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	false	false	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	tale	tale	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	often	often	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	betrays	betray	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	itself	itself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **betray** | present | a false tale | tale |  |  |  | often *property* | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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