---
title: billow — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «billow» in the Judaism dictionary: A billow is a big rolling wave of the sea. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# billow

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** billow, cloth, waves, Thy, Thou, flood · **What happens:** be, rise, do, call, wave, billow · **To what, where:** big rolling wave, wind, me, depth, sea, great billows · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«billow» in the Judaism dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 5 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [billow in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/billow.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A billow is a big rolling wave of the sea.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:billow:m1:1
# text = A billow is a big rolling wave of the sea.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	billow	billow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	rolling	rolling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	wave	wave	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a billow | a big rolling wave |  |  |  | of the sea | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To billow is to swell out and rise like a wave, as cloth does in the wind.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:billow:m2:1
# text = To billow is to swell out and rise like a wave, as cloth does in the wind.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	billow	billow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	advcl	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	swell	swell	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	out	out	ADP	RP	_	5	compound:prt	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	rise	rise	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
9	like	like	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	wave	wave	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
13	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	15	mark	_	_
14	cloth	cloth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj	_	_
15	does	do	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
16	in	in	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	wind	wind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | swell *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **rise** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | like a wave | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **do** | present | cloth |  |  | the wind |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Deep calleth unto deep at the voice of Thy cataracts; all Thy waves and Thy billows are gone over me. (Writings PSA.42.8, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Deep calleth unto deep at the voice of Thy cataracts; all Thy waves and Thy billows are gone over me.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:billow:x1:1
# text = Deep calleth unto deep at the voice of Thy cataracts; all Thy waves and Thy billows are gone over me.
1	Deep	deep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	calleth	call	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	deep	deep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	_
5	at	at	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	voice	voice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	Thy	thy	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	cataracts	cataract	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	19	punct	_	_
12	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	14	det	_	_
13	Thy	thy	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	14	nmod:poss	_	_
14	waves	wave	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	nsubj	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
16	Thy	thy	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	17	nmod:poss	_	_
17	billows	billow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	conj	_	_
18	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	19	cop	_	_
19	gone	gone	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	parataxis	_	_
20	over	over	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	19	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **call** *speech: assert* | present |  |  |  |  |  | deep *property* | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | present | Thy waves and Thy billows |  |  |  |  | over me; gone *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **wave** |  | Thy |  |  |  |  |  | nom wave «event transitive»: poss=agent |
| 4 | **billow** |  | Thy |  |  |  |  |  | nom billow «event intransitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Writings PSA.42.8, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:billow:x1:2
# text = (Writings PSA.42.8, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Writings	writing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	PSA.42.8	PSA.42.8	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
For Thou didst cast me into the depth, in the heart of the seas, and the flood was round about me; all Thy waves and Thy billows passed over me. (Prophets JON.2.4, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* For Thou didst cast me into the depth, in the heart of the seas, and the flood was round about me; all Thy waves and Thy billows passed over me.

<!-- fold The tree, 30 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:billow:x2:1
# text = For Thou didst cast me into the depth, in the heart of the seas, and the flood was round about me; all Thy waves and Thy billows passed over me.
1	For	for	SCONJ	IN	_	3	mark	_	_
2	Thou	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	3	nsubj	_	_
3	didst	do	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Style=Arch|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	31	advcl	_	_
4	cast	cast	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
5	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	obj	_	_
6	into	into	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	depth	depth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	heart	heart	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	seas	sea	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	flood	flood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nsubj	_	_
20	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	21	cop	_	_
21	round	round	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	parataxis	_	_
22	about	about	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
23	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	21	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
25	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	27	det	_	_
26	Thy	thy	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	27	nmod:poss	_	_
27	waves	wave	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	31	nsubj	_	_
28	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	30	cc	_	_
29	Thy	thy	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	30	nmod:poss	_	_
30	billows	billow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	27	conj	_	_
31	passed	pass	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
32	over	over	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
33	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	31	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	31	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do** | past | Thou |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **cast** | infinitive | Thou *not said here* | me |  | the depth |  | in the heart of the seas | vn build-26.1 «NP V NP.material PP.product»: agent=Agent i=Material into depth=Product |
| 3 | **is** | past | the flood |  |  |  |  | about me; round *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **pass** | past | Thy waves and Thy billows |  |  |  |  | over me | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme over i=Location |
| 5 | **wave** |  | Thy |  |  |  |  |  | nom wave «event transitive»: poss=agent |
| 6 | **billow** |  | Thy |  |  |  |  |  | nom billow «event intransitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Prophets JON.2.4, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:billow:x2:2
# text = (Prophets JON.2.4, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Prophets	prophet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	JON.2.4	JON.2.4	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The sea rolled in great billows.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:billow:x3:1
# text = The sea rolled in great billows.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	rolled	roll	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	billows	billow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **roll** | participle · passive |  | the sea |  | great billows |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: subject=Theme in billow=Trajectory |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Her cloak billowed behind her.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:billow:x4:1
# text = Her cloak billowed behind her.
1	Her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	cloak	cloak	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	billowed	billow	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	behind	behind	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	her	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **billow** | past | Her cloak |  |  |  |  | behind her *= she* | vn entity\_specific\_modes\_being-47.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme behind she=Location |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Pray for those lost beyond the foaming billows.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:billow:x5:1
# text = Pray for those lost beyond the foaming billows.
1	Pray	pray	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	for	for	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	those	that	PRON	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	1	obl	_	_
4	lost	lose	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl	_	_
5	beyond	beyond	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	foaming	foaming	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	billows	billow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pray** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | for those | vn long-32.2 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Pivot for that=Theme |
| 2 | **lose** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | beyond the foaming billows | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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