---
title: calque — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «calque» in the Judaism dictionary: A word or phrase made by translating each part of a word from another language. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# calque

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**What happens:** make, translate, calque, mean, have, be · **To what, where:** word, part, It, essence · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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«calque» in the Judaism dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 1 example, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [calque in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/calque.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A word or phrase made by translating each part of a word from another language.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:calque:m1:1
# text = A word or phrase made by translating each part of a word from another language.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	phrase	phrase	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
5	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
6	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
7	translating	translate	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	advcl	_	_
8	each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	9	det	_	_
9	part	part	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	_
13	from	from	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	another	another	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	15	det	_	_
15	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | participle |  | a word or phrase *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |
| 2 | **translate** | gerund |  | each part of a word from another language |  |  |  |  | vn turn-26.6.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent part=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It might best be calqued as 'whatlessness', meaning 'having no essence', and thus the ‘Ten Sefirot Belimah’ would be the ‘Ten Essenceless/Whatless Numbers'. (Sefer Yetzirah, Sefaria community translation)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* It might best be calqued as 'whatlessness', meaning 'having no essence', and thus the ‘Ten Sefirot Belimah’ would be the ‘Ten Essenceless/Whatless Numbers'.

<!-- fold The tree, 24 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:calque:x1:1
# text = It might best be calqued as 'whatlessness', meaning 'having no essence', and thus the ‘Ten Sefirot Belimah’ would be the ‘Ten Essenceless/Whatless Numbers'.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	might	might	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
3	best	well	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	5	advmod	_	_
4	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	calqued	calque	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	as	as	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	'	'	PUNCT	``	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	whatlessness	whatlessness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	',	',	PUNCT	''	_	8	punct	_	_
10	meaning	mean	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	advcl	_	_
11	'	'	PUNCT	``	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	having	have	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	10	ccomp	_	_
13	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	14	det	_	_
14	essence	essence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	',	',	PUNCT	''	_	12	punct	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
17	thus	thus	ADV	RB	_	24	advmod	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
19	‘	'	PUNCT	``	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	Ten	ten	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	24	nsubj	_	_
21	Sefirot	Sefirot	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	20	nmod:unmarked	_	_
22	Belimah	Belimah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	21	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	’	'	PUNCT	''	_	21	punct	_	_
24	would	would	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	advcl	_	_
25	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	30	cop	_	_
26	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	30	det	_	_
27	‘	'	PUNCT	``	_	30	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	Ten	ten	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	30	nummod	_	_
29	Essenceless/Whatless	essenceless/whatless	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	30	amod	_	_
30	Numbers	number	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	24	dep	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	'	's	PART	POS	_	30	case	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **calque** | might · passive |  | It |  |  |  | as whatlessness; well *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **mean** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **have** | gerund |  | no essence |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent essence=Patient |
| 4 | **is** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | 's the Ten Essenceless/Whatless Numbers | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Sefer Yetzirah, Sefaria community translation)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:calque:x1:2
# text = (Sefer Yetzirah, Sefaria community translation)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Sefer	Sefer	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	Yetzirah	Yetzirah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
5	Sefaria	Sefaria	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
6	community	community	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	translation	translation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

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The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

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**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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