---
title: circle — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «circle» in the Judaism dictionary: A circle is a round flat shape. Every point on its edge is the same distance from the middle (the centre). Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# circle

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** circle, point, plane, one full round, it, circle Q · **What happens:** be, arrange, circle, end, begin, draw · **To what, where:** round flat shape, same distance, middle, group, ring, something · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«circle» in the Judaism dictionary: its 6 meanings for a pupil and its 14 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [circle in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/circle.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A circle is a round flat shape. Every point on its edge is the same distance from the middle (the centre).

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* A circle is a round flat shape.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:circle:m1:1
# text = A circle is a round flat shape.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	circle	circle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	round	round	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	flat	flat	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	shape	shape	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a circle | a round flat shape |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* Every point on its edge is the same distance from the middle (the centre).

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:circle:m1:2
# text = Every point on its edge is the same distance from the middle (the centre).
1	Every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	2	det	_	_
2	point	point	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
3	on	on	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	edge	edge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	same	same	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	distance	distance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
10	from	from	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	middle	middle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	_
13	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	centre	centre	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | every point on point's edge | the same distance |  | the middle |  |  | tree rules |

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A circle of people or things is a group arranged in a ring.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:circle:m2:1
# text = A circle of people or things is a group arranged in a ring.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	circle	circle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	conj	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	group	group	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
10	arranged	arrange	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	acl	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	ring	ring	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a circle of people or things | a group |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **arrange** | participle |  | a group *not said here* |  | a ring |  |  | vn put-9.1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent in ring=Destination |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To circle something is to draw a ring around it: «circle the answer».

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:circle:m3:1
# text = To circle something is to draw a ring around it: «circle the answer».
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	circle	circle	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	advcl	_	_
3	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	draw	draw	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	ring	ring	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
9	around	around	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	13	punct	_	_
12	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	circle	circle	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	6	conj	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	answer	answer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **circle** | to-infinitive |  | something |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme something=Co-Theme |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  | ring |  | draw *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **circle** *in a quote* | infinitive |  | the answer |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme answer=Co-Theme |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To circle is to move round and round something: «the plane circled the airport».

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:circle:m4:1
# text = To circle is to move round and round something: «the plane circled the airport».
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	circle	circle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	advcl	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	move	move	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	round	round	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
8	round	round	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	14	punct	_	_
11	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	plane	plane	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	_
14	circled	circle	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	parataxis	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	airport	airport	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | move, round *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **circle** *in a quote* | past | the plane | the airport |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme airport=Co-Theme |

## Meaning 5 {#m5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A circle of friends is a group of friends.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:circle:m5:1
# text = A circle of friends is a group of friends.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	circle	circle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	friends	friend	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	group	group	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	friends	friend	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a circle of friends | a group |  |  |  | of friends | tree rules |

## Meaning 6 {#m6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A circle can also be one full round of time that ends where it began, such as a day or a year.

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:circle:m6:1
# text = A circle can also be one full round of time that ends where it began, such as a day or a year.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	circle	circle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
4	also	also	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
5	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	cop	_	_
6	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
7	full	full	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	round	round	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
11	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	12	nsubj	_	_
12	ends	end	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	acl:relcl	_	_
13	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	15	advmod	_	_
14	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	nsubj	_	_
15	began	begin	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	12	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
17	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	20	case	_	_
18	as	as	ADP	IN	_	17	fixed	_	_
19	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	_
21	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
22	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	year	year	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | can | a circle | one full round |  |  | time |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **end** | present | one full round |  |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |
| 3 | **begin** | past | circle |  |  |  | day |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Drawing the 22 letters of the Hebrew alphabet around the edge of a circle, it takes 231 lines, here called שְׁעָרִים sheʽarim ‘gates’, to connect every possible combination of 2 letters. (Sefer Yetzirah, Sefaria community translation)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Drawing the 22 letters of the Hebrew alphabet around the edge of a circle, it takes 231 lines, here called שְׁעָרִים sheʽarim ‘gates’, to connect every possible combination of 2 letters.

<!-- fold The tree, 31 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:circle:x1:1
# text = Drawing the 22 letters of the Hebrew alphabet around the edge of a circle, it takes 231 lines, here called שְׁעָרִים sheʽarim ‘gates’, to connect every possible combination of 2 letters.
1	Drawing	draw	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	17	advcl	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	22	22	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	letters	letter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	Hebrew	hebrew	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	alphabet	alphabet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
9	around	around	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	edge	edge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	circle	circle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
16	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	17	nsubj	_	_
17	takes	take	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
18	231	231	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	19	nummod	_	_
19	lines	line	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
21	here	here	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	22	advmod	_	_
22	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	17	parataxis	_	_
23	שְׁעָרִים	שְׁעָרִים	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	compound	_	_
24	sheʽarim	sheʽarim	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	xcomp	_	_
25	‘	'	PUNCT	``	_	26	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	gates	gate	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	24	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	’	'	PUNCT	''	_	26	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	30	punct	_	_
29	to	to	PART	TO	_	30	mark	_	_
30	connect	connect	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	22	advcl	_	_
31	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	33	det	_	_
32	possible	possible	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	33	amod	_	_
33	combination	combination	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	obj	_	_
34	of	of	ADP	IN	_	36	case	_	_
35	2	2	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	36	nummod	_	_
36	letters	letter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	33	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
37	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	17	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **draw** | gerund |  | the 22 letters of the Hebrew alphabet around the edge of a circle |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent letter=Theme |
| 2 | **take** | present | it | 231 lines |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent line=Theme |
| 3 | **call** | participle |  | שְׁעָרִים sheʽarim |  | here |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **connect** | to-infinitive |  | every possible combination of 2 letters |  |  |  |  | vn mix-22.1-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent combination=Patient |
| 5 | **letter** |  |  | the Hebrew alphabet around the edge of a circle |  |  |  |  | nom letter «communication transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Sefer Yetzirah, Sefaria community translation)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:circle:x1:2
# text = (Sefer Yetzirah, Sefaria community translation)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Sefer	Sefer	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	Yetzirah	Yetzirah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
5	Sefaria	Sefaria	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
6	community	community	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	translation	translation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
circle Q or Q is each a letter. (Mordell, The Origin of Letters and Numerals according to Sefer Yetzirah (1914))

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* circle Q or Q is each a letter.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:circle:x2:1
# text = circle Q or Q is each a letter.
1	circle	circle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	Q	Q	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	Q	Q	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
6	each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	8	det	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	letter	letter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | circle Q or Q | each letter |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Mordell, The Origin of Letters and Numerals according to Sefer Yetzirah (1914))

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:circle:x2:2
# text = (Mordell, The Origin of Letters and Numerals according to Sefer Yetzirah (1914))
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Mordell	Mordell	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
4	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	Origin	Origin	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Letters	letter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	Numerals	numeral	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	conj	_	_
10	according	accord	VERB	VBG	ExtPos=ADP|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	12	case	_	_
11	to	to	ADP	IN	_	10	fixed	_	_
12	Sefer	Sefer	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
13	Yetzirah	Yetzirah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	flat	_	_
14	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	1914	1914	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	2	list	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	))	))	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **accord** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn future\_having-13.3 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
elementary cliaracters, or letters, derive tlieir forms from the line and the circle. (Mordell, The Origin of Letters and Numerals according to Sefer Yetzirah (1914))

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* elementary cliaracters, or letters, derive tlieir forms from the line and the circle.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:circle:x3:1
# text = elementary cliaracters, or letters, derive tlieir forms from the line and the circle.
1	elementary	elementary	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	cliaracters	cliaracter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	letters	letter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	derive	derive	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
8	tlieir	tlieir	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	forms	form	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	_
10	from	from	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	line	line	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	circle	circle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **derive** | infinitive | elementary cliaracters or letters | tlieir forms |  | the line and the circle |  |  | vn create-26.4 «NP V NP PP.material»: agent=Agent form=Result from line=Material |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Mordell, The Origin of Letters and Numerals according to Sefer Yetzirah (1914))

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:circle:x3:2
# text = (Mordell, The Origin of Letters and Numerals according to Sefer Yetzirah (1914))
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Mordell	Mordell	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
4	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	Origin	Origin	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Letters	letter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	Numerals	numeral	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	conj	_	_
10	according	accord	VERB	VBG	ExtPos=ADP|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	12	case	_	_
11	to	to	ADP	IN	_	10	fixed	_	_
12	Sefer	Sefer	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
13	Yetzirah	Yetzirah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	flat	_	_
14	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	1914	1914	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	2	list	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	))	))	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **accord** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn future\_having-13.3 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
When He established the heavens, I was there; when He set a circle upon the face of the deep, (Writings PRO.8.27, JPS 1917)

<!-- fold The tree, 23 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:circle:x4:1
# text = When He established the heavens, I was there; when He set a circle upon the face of the deep, (Writings PRO.8.27, JPS 1917)
1	When	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	3	advmod	_	_
2	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	established	establish	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	advcl	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	heavens	heaven	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
7	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
8	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
9	there	there	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	13	punct	_	_
11	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	13	advmod	_	_
12	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
13	set	set	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	parataxis	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	circle	circle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	_
16	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	face	face	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	_
19	of	of	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	deep	deep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
23	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	24	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	Writings	writing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obl	_	_
25	PRO.8.27	PRO.8.27	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	24	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
27	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	25	flat	_	_
28	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	25	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **establish** | past | He | the heavens |  |  |  |  | vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent heaven=Patient |
| 2 | **is** | past | I |  |  |  |  | there *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **set** | past | He | a circle |  | the face of the deep |  | Writings *obl* | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V PP.destination NP»: agent=Agent circle=Theme upon face=Destination |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is He that sitteth above the circle of the earth, and the inhabitants thereof are as grasshoppers; that stretcheth out the heavens as a curtain, and spreadeth them out as a tent to dwell in; (Prophets ISA.40.22, JPS 1917)

<!-- fold The tree, 40 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:circle:x5:1
# text = It is He that sitteth above the circle of the earth, and the inhabitants thereof are as grasshoppers; that stretcheth out the heavens as a curtain, and spreadeth them out as a tent to dwell in; (Prophets ISA.40.22, JPS 1917)
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
4	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	3	mark	_	_
5	sitteth	sit	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	above	above	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	circle	circle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	earth	earth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	inhabitants	inhabitant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	nsubj	_	_
16	thereof	thereof	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	_
17	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	19	cop	_	_
18	as	as	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	grasshoppers	grasshopper	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	22	punct	_	_
21	that	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	22	nsubj	_	_
22	stretcheth	stretch	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
23	out	out	ADP	RP	_	22	compound:prt	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
25	heavens	heaven	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	obj	_	_
26	as	as	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
27	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
28	curtain	curtain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	31	punct	_	_
30	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	31	cc	_	_
31	spreadeth	spread	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	22	conj	_	_
32	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	31	obj	_	_
33	out	out	ADP	RP	_	31	compound:prt	_	_
34	as	as	ADP	IN	_	36	case	_	_
35	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	36	det	_	_
36	tent	tent	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	31	obl	_	_
37	to	to	PART	TO	_	38	mark	_	_
38	dwell	dwell	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	31	advcl	_	_
39	in	in	ADP	RP	_	38	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
40	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	42	punct	_	_
41	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	42	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
42	Prophets	prophet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	parataxis	_	_
43	ISA.40.22	ISA.40.22	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	42	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
44	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	45	punct	_	_
45	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	43	flat	_	_
46	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	43	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
47	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	42	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | It |  |  | the circle of the earth |  | sit *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | present | the inhabitants |  |  |  |  | as grasshoppers | tree rules |
| 3 | **stretch out** | present | that | the heavens |  |  |  | as a curtain | vn bend-45.2 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent heaven=Patient |
| 4 | **spread out** | present | that *not said here* | heavens *= heaven* |  |  |  | as a tent | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location they=Theme |
| 5 | **dwell in** | to-infinitive | that *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
6 children stand in a circle.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:circle:x6:1
# text = 6 children stand in a circle.
1	6	6	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	2	nummod	_	_
2	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	stand	stand	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	circle	circle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stand** | present | 6 children |  |  | a circle |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in circle=Location |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Trees are planted around a circle.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:circle:x7:1
# text = Trees are planted around a circle.
1	Trees	tree	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	planted	plant	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	around	around	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	circle	circle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **plant** | present · passive |  | Trees |  | a circle |  |  | vn put-9.1-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme around circle=Destination |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Circle the right answer.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:circle:x8:1
# text = Circle the right answer.
1	Circle	Circle	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	right	right	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	answer	answer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Draw a circle with radius 3 cm.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:circle:x9:1
# text = Draw a circle with radius 3 cm.
1	Draw	draw	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	circle	circle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	with	with	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	radius	radius	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
6	3	3	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	7	nummod	_	_
7	cm	cm	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **draw** | imperative | you *not said here* | a circle |  |  |  | with radius | vn create-26.4-1-1 «NP V NP.beneficiary NP»: agent=Agent circle=Beneficiary cm=Result |

## Example 10 {#x10}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The diameter of a circle is twice the radius.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:circle:x10:1
# text = The diameter of a circle is twice the radius.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	diameter	diameter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	circle	circle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
7	twice	twice	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Mult	9	advmod	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	radius	radius	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the diameter of a circle | the radius |  |  |  | twice *property* | tree rules |

## Example 11 {#x11}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We sat in a circle for circle time.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:circle:x11:1
# text = We sat in a circle for circle time.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	sat	sit	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	circle	circle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	circle	circle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sit** | past | We |  |  | a circle | time |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in circle=Location |

## Example 12 {#x12}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Eagles circled high above the hill.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:circle:x12:1
# text = Eagles circled high above the hill.
1	Eagles	eagle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
2	circled	circle	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	acl	_	_
3	high	high	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	2	advmod	_	_
4	above	above	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	hill	hill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **circle** | participle |  | Eagles *not said here* |  | the hill |  | high *property* | vn contiguous\_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme |

## Example 13 {#x13}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A circle has no corners and no straight sides.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:circle:x13:1
# text = A circle has no corners and no straight sides.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	circle	circle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	5	det	_	_
5	corners	corner	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
7	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	9	det	_	_
8	straight	straight	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	sides	side	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | a circle | no corners and no straight sides |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent corner=Patient |

## Example 14 {#x14}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In a few moments the day had completed its circle.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:circle:x14:1
# text = In a few moments the day had completed its circle.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	few	few	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	moments	moment	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj:pass	_	_
7	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
8	completed	complete	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
9	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	circle	circle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **complete** | past · perfect · passive |  | the day |  |  | moment |  | tree rules |

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**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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