---
title: copyist — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «copyist» in the Judaism dictionary: A person whose job is to copy writings by hand. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/judaism/C/copyist/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [dictionaries](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/) / [Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/judaism/) / [C](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/judaism/C/) / copyist

# copyist

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** person, numbers, two editors, Joseph ben, careless copyist · **What happens:** be, concur, not be, ascribe, attribute, accord · **To what, where:** source, Sefer Yetzirah, same volume, works, Yetzirah

<!-- .vabout -->
«copyist» in the Judaism dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 2 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [copyist in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/copyist.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A person whose job is to copy writings by hand.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:copyist:m1:1
# text = A person whose job is to copy writings by hand.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	whose	whose	PRON	WP$	Poss=Yes|PronType=Rel	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	job	job	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	copy	copy	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
8	writings	writing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	_
9	by	by	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	hand	hand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | a person |  |  |  |  | by hand; copy *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
These numbers have been a source of difference between the editors and copyists, hardly any two editors concurring. (Sefer Yetzirah, Westcott 1893)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* These numbers have been a source of difference between the editors and copyists, hardly any two editors concurring.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:copyist:x1:1
# text = These numbers have been a source of difference between the editors and copyists, hardly any two editors concurring.
1	These	this	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	2	det	_	_
2	numbers	number	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
3	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
4	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	6	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	source	source	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	difference	difference	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
9	between	between	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	editors	editor	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nmod	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	copyists	copyist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
15	hardly	hardly	ADV	RB	_	18	advmod	_	_
16	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	18	det	_	_
17	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	18	nummod	_	_
18	editors	editor	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	conj	_	_
19	concurring	concur	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	18	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present · perfect | this numbers | a source |  |  |  | of difference between the editors and copyists and any two editors | tree rules |
| 2 | **concur** | gerund | any two editors *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn correspond-36.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Sefer Yetzirah, Westcott 1893)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:copyist:x1:2
# text = (Sefer Yetzirah, Westcott 1893)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Sefer	Sefer	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	Yetzirah	Yetzirah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	Westcott	Westcott	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
6	1893	1893	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is not unlikely that originally only the Sefer Yetzirah had been ascribed to Joseph ben Uziel, but as there were several other works in the same volume, some careless copyist attributed them all to him. (Mordell, The Origin of Letters and Numerals according to Sefer Yetzirah (1914))

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* It is not unlikely that originally only the Sefer Yetzirah had been ascribed to Joseph ben Uziel, but as there were several other works in the same volume, some careless copyist attributed them all to him.

<!-- fold The tree, 36 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:copyist:x2:1
# text = It is not unlikely that originally only the Sefer Yetzirah had been ascribed to Joseph ben Uziel, but as there were several other works in the same volume, some careless copyist attributed them all to him.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	expl	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	4	advmod	_	_
4	unlikely	unlikely	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	13	obj	_	_
6	originally	originally	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
7	only	only	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	Sefer	Sefer	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	Yetzirah	Yetzirah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
11	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux	_	_
12	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	13	aux:pass	_	_
13	ascribed	ascribe	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	csubj	_	_
14	to	to	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	Joseph	Joseph	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	16	compound	_	_
16	ben	Ben	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	obl:agent	_	_
17	Uziel	Uziel	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	16	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	29	punct	_	_
19	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	29	cc	_	_
20	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	22	mark	_	_
21	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	22	expl	_	_
22	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	29	cop	_	_
23	several	several	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	25	amod	_	_
24	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	25	amod	_	_
25	works	work	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	nsubj	_	_
26	in	in	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	29	det	_	_
28	same	same	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	29	amod	_	_
29	volume	volume	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	34	punct	_	_
31	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	33	det	_	_
32	careless	careless	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	33	amod	_	_
33	copyist	copyist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	34	nsubj	_	_
34	attributed	attribute	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	29	conj	_	_
35	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	34	obj	_	_
36	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	35	nmod:unmarked	_	_
37	to	to	ADP	IN	_	38	case	_	_
38	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	34	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
39	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | unlikely *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **ascribe** | past · perfect · passive | Joseph ben | the Sefer Yetzirah |  |  |  | originally *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **is** | past |  |  |  | the same volume |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **attribute** | past | some careless copyist | works *= work* | Yetzirah |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Mordell, The Origin of Letters and Numerals according to Sefer Yetzirah (1914))

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:copyist:x2:2
# text = (Mordell, The Origin of Letters and Numerals according to Sefer Yetzirah (1914))
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Mordell	Mordell	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
4	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	Origin	Origin	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Letters	letter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	Numerals	numeral	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	conj	_	_
10	according	accord	VERB	VBG	ExtPos=ADP|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	12	case	_	_
11	to	to	ADP	IN	_	10	fixed	_	_
12	Sefer	Sefer	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
13	Yetzirah	Yetzirah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	flat	_	_
14	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	1914	1914	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	2	list	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	))	))	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **accord** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn future\_having-13.3 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [copy](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/judaism/C/copy/)
- next →: [copyright](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/judaism/C/copyright/)
- ↑ back to [C in Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/judaism/C/)