---
title: dictation — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «dictation» in the Judaism dictionary: Dictation is saying words aloud so that someone else can write them down exactly. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# dictation

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Dictation, someone, Joseph, B, ty, We · **What happens:** say, write down, be, read, write, sit down · **To what, where:** words, passage, sefer, dictation, five books, spelling dictation · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«dictation» in the Judaism dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 5 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [dictation in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/dictation.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dictation is saying words aloud so that someone else can write them down exactly.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:dictation:m1:1
# text = Dictation is saying words aloud so that someone else can write them down exactly.
1	Dictation	dictation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	saying	say	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	aloud	aloud	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
6	so	so	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
7	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
8	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	11	nsubj	_	_
9	else	else	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
10	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
11	write	write	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
12	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	obj	_	_
13	down	down	ADP	RP	_	11	compound:prt	_	_
14	exactly	exactly	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | present · progressive | Dictation | words |  |  |  | aloud *property* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent word=Topic |
| 2 | **write down** | can | someone | words *= word* |  |  |  | exactly *property* | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A dictation can be the passage that is read aloud for pupils to write.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:dictation:m2:1
# text = A dictation can be the passage that is read aloud for pupils to write.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	dictation	dictation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
4	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	cop	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	passage	passage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	9	nsubj:pass	_	_
8	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux:pass	_	_
9	read	read	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl:relcl	_	_
10	aloud	aloud	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
11	for	for	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	pupils	pupil	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl	_	_
13	to	to	PART	TO	_	14	mark	_	_
14	write	write	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | can | a dictation | the passage |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **read** | present · passive |  | the passage |  |  |  | for pupils; aloud *property* | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Topic |
| 3 | **write** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Immediately Joseph sat down and wrote down the sefer Yetzirah at the dictation of B'"usy." (Mordell, The Origin of Letters and Numerals according to Sefer Yetzirah (1914))

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Immediately Joseph sat down and wrote down the sefer Yetzirah at the dictation of B'"usy."

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:dictation:x1:1
# text = Immediately Joseph sat down and wrote down the sefer Yetzirah at the dictation of B'"usy."
1	Immediately	immediately	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
2	Joseph	Joseph	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	sat	sit	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	down	down	ADP	RP	_	3	compound:prt	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	wrote	write	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
7	down	down	ADP	RP	_	6	compound:prt	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	sefer	sefer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
10	Yetzirah	Yetzirah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	appos	_	_
11	at	at	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	dictation	dictation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	B	B	NOUN	NN	Abbr=Yes|Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	'	'	PUNCT	''	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	usy	usy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sit down** | past | Joseph |  |  |  |  | immediately *property* | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **write down** | past | Joseph *not said here* | the sefer |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP S»: agent=Agent sefer=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 3 | **dictate** |  | B |  |  |  |  |  | nom dictation «communication intransitive»: of=agent |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Mordell, The Origin of Letters and Numerals according to Sefer Yetzirah (1914))

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:dictation:x1:2
# text = (Mordell, The Origin of Letters and Numerals according to Sefer Yetzirah (1914))
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Mordell	Mordell	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
4	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	Origin	Origin	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Letters	letter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	Numerals	numeral	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	conj	_	_
10	according	accord	VERB	VBG	ExtPos=ADP|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	12	case	_	_
11	to	to	ADP	IN	_	10	fixed	_	_
12	Sefer	Sefer	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
13	Yetzirah	Yetzirah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	flat	_	_
14	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	1914	1914	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	2	list	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	))	))	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **accord** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn future\_having-13.3 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Immediately Joseph sat down and wrote down these words at the dictation of ty"Bsy \[Ben Sira\], and he wrote them in five books on the earth : Sefer Yetzirah, etc." (Mordell, The Origin of Letters and Numerals according to Sefer Yetzirah (1914))

<!-- fold The tree, 42 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:dictation:x2:1
# text = Immediately Joseph sat down and wrote down these words at the dictation of ty"Bsy [Ben Sira], and he wrote them in five books on the earth : Sefer Yetzirah, etc." (Mordell, The Origin of Letters and Numerals according to Sefer Yetzirah (1914))
1	Immediately	immediately	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
2	Joseph	Joseph	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	sat	sit	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	down	down	ADP	RP	_	3	compound:prt	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	wrote	write	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
7	down	down	ADP	RP	_	6	compound:prt	_	_
8	these	this	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	9	det	_	_
9	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	_
10	at	at	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	dictation	dictation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	ty	ty	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	Bsy	Bsy	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	appos	_	_
17	[	[	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	Ben	Ben	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	flat	_	_
19	Sira	Sira	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	16	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	]	]	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
22	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
23	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	24	nsubj	_	_
24	wrote	write	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
25	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	24	obj	_	_
26	in	in	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
27	five	five	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	28	nummod	_	_
28	books	book	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	24	obl	_	_
29	on	on	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
30	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	31	det	_	_
31	earth	earth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	obl	_	_
32	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	33	punct	_	_
33	Sefer	Sefer	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	31	appos	_	_
34	Yetzirah	Yetzirah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	33	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	36	punct	_	_
36	etc.	etc.	NOUN	FW	Abbr=Yes|Number=Plur	33	flat:foreign	_	SpaceAfter=No
37	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	33	punct	_	_
38	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	39	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
39	Mordell	Mordell	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	33	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
40	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	42	punct	_	_
41	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	42	det	_	_
42	Origin	Origin	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	39	appos	_	_
43	of	of	ADP	IN	_	44	case	_	_
44	Letters	letter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	42	nmod	_	_
45	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	46	cc	_	_
46	Numerals	numeral	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	44	conj	_	_
47	according	accord	VERB	VBG	ExtPos=ADP|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	49	case	_	_
48	to	to	ADP	IN	_	47	fixed	_	_
49	Sefer	Sefer	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	44	nmod	_	_
50	Yetzirah	Yetzirah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	49	flat	_	_
51	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	52	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
52	1914	1914	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	39	nmod:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
53	))	))	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	39	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sit down** | past | Joseph |  |  |  |  | immediately *property* | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **write down** | past | Joseph *not said here* | this words |  | the dictation of ty |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent word=Theme |
| 3 | **write** *in a quote* | past | Joseph | words *= word* |  | five books |  | on the earth | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent they=Theme in book=Destination |
| 4 | **accord** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn future\_having-13.3 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **dictate** |  | ty |  |  |  |  |  | nom dictation «communication intransitive»: of=agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We had a spelling dictation today.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:dictation:x3:1
# text = We had a spelling dictation today.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	spelling	spelling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	dictation	dictation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	today	today	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | We | a spelling dictation |  |  | today |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent dictation=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The prince wrote the letter at the vizier's dictation.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:dictation:x4:1
# text = The prince wrote the letter at the vizier's dictation.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	prince	prince	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	wrote	write	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	letter	letter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	at	at	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	vizier	vizier	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	's	's	PART	POS	_	8	case	_	_
10	dictation	dictation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **write** | past | the prince | the letter |  | the vizier's dictation |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent letter=Theme |
| 2 | **dictate** |  | the vizier |  |  |  |  |  | nom dictation «communication intransitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Write down every word of the teacher's dictation.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:dictation:x5:1
# text = Write down every word of the teacher's dictation.
1	Write	write	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	down	down	ADP	RP	_	1	compound:prt	_	_
3	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	4	det	_	_
4	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	's	's	PART	POS	_	7	case	_	_
9	dictation	dictation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **write down** | imperative | you *not said here* | every word of the teacher's dictation |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent word=Theme |
| 2 | **word** |  |  | the teacher's dictation |  |  |  |  | nom word «communication transitive»: of=patient |
| 3 | **dictate** |  | the teacher |  |  |  |  |  | nom dictation «communication intransitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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