---
title: doleful — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «doleful» in the Judaism dictionary: Very sad and gloomy, looking or sounding miserable. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# doleful

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** they, you, he, puppy, Mock Turtle, Toad · **What happens:** look, sound, cause, take up, say, ruin · **To what, where:** sadness, parable, We, portion, doleful look, me · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«doleful» in the Judaism dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [doleful in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/doleful.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Very sad and gloomy, looking or sounding miserable.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:doleful:m1:1
# text = Very sad and gloomy, looking or sounding miserable.
1	Very	very	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
2	sad	sad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
3	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	gloomy	gloomy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
6	looking	look	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	parataxis	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	sounding	sound	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	6	conj	_	_
9	miserable	miserable	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **look** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus |
| 2 | **sound** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | miserable *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Causing sadness: «doleful news».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:doleful:m2:1
# text = Causing sadness: «doleful news».
1	Causing	cause	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	sadness	sadness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	1	punct	_	_
4	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	doleful	doleful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	news	news	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cause** | gerund |  | sadness |  |  |  | doleful news *obl* | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition sadness=Patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In that day shall they take up a parable against you, and lament with a doleful lamentation, and say: 'We are utterly ruined; he changeth the portion of my people; how doth he remove it from me! (Prophets MIC.2.4, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* In that day shall they take up a parable against you, and lament with a doleful lamentation, and say: 'We are utterly ruined; he changeth the portion of my people; how doth he remove it from me!

<!-- fold The tree, 37 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:doleful:x1:1
# text = In that day shall they take up a parable against you, and lament with a doleful lamentation, and say: 'We are utterly ruined; he changeth the portion of my people; how doth he remove it from me!
1	In	in	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
2	that	that	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	3	det	_	_
3	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl:unmarked	_	_
4	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
5	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	take	take	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	21	advcl	_	_
7	up	up	ADP	RP	_	6	compound:prt	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	parable	parable	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
10	against	against	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	lament	lament	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
15	with	with	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
17	doleful	doleful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	lamentation	lamentation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
20	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
21	say	say	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	27	punct	_	_
23	'	'	PUNCT	``	_	27	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	27	nsubj	_	_
25	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	27	aux:pass	_	_
26	utterly	utterly	ADV	RB	_	27	advmod	_	_
27	ruined	ruin	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	21	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	30	punct	_	_
29	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	30	nsubj	_	_
30	changeth	change	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	21	parataxis	_	_
31	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	32	det	_	_
32	portion	portion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	obj	_	_
33	of	of	ADP	IN	_	35	case	_	_
34	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	35	nmod:poss	_	_
35	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	32	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	38	punct	_	_
37	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	38	advmod	_	_
38	doth	do	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	30	conj	_	_
39	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	40	nsubj	_	_
40	remove	remove	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	38	xcomp	_	_
41	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	40	obj	_	_
42	from	from	ADP	IN	_	43	case	_	_
43	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	40	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
44	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	21	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take up** | shall | they | a parable |  |  | day | against you | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP ADVP»: agent=Instrument parable=Theme lament=Destination |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **ruin** | present · passive |  | We |  |  |  | utterly *property* | vn destroy-44 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |
| 4 | **change** | present | he | the portion of my people |  |  |  |  | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent portion=Patient |
| 5 | **do** | present | he *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 6 | **remove** | infinitive | he | portion |  |  |  | from me | vn fire-10.10 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent it=Theme from i=Source |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Prophets MIC.2.4, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:doleful:x1:2
# text = (Prophets MIC.2.4, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Prophets	prophet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	MIC.2.4	MIC.2.4	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The puppy gave me a doleful look.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:doleful:x2:1
# text = The puppy gave me a doleful look.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	puppy	puppy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	iobj	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	doleful	doleful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	look	look	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | past | the puppy | a doleful look | me |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent i=Recipient look=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Mock Turtle sang a doleful song.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:doleful:x3:1
# text = The Mock Turtle sang a doleful song.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	Mock	Mock	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	Turtle	Turtle	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	sang	sing	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	doleful	doleful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	song	song	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sing** *speech: express* | past | the Mock Turtle | a doleful song |  |  |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location song=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Toad sat in his cell looking doleful.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:doleful:x4:1
# text = Toad sat in his cell looking doleful.
1	Toad	Toad	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	sat	sit	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	cell	cell	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	looking	look	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
7	doleful	doleful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sit** | past | Toad |  |  | Toad's cell |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in cell=Location |
| 2 | **look** | gerund | Toad *not said here* |  |  |  |  | doleful *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A doleful bell rang across the valley.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:doleful:x5:1
# text = A doleful bell rang across the valley.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	doleful	doleful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	bell	bell	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	rang	ring	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	across	across	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	valley	valley	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **ring** | past | a doleful bell |  |  | the valley |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He told the doleful story of his lost kite.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:doleful:x6:1
# text = He told the doleful story of his lost kite.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	told	tell	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	doleful	doleful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	story	story	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
8	lost	lose	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	amod	_	_
9	kite	kite	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **tell** *speech: assert* | past | He | the doleful story of his lost kite |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent story=Recipient |
| 2 | **lose** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **kite** |  | his *= he* |  |  |  |  |  | nom kite «possession transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The rain made the day feel doleful.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:doleful:x7:1
# text = The rain made the day feel doleful.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	rain	rain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl:unmarked	_	_
6	feel	feel	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
7	doleful	doleful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | the rain |  |  |  | day |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **feel** | infinitive | the rain *not said here* |  |  |  |  | doleful *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It was really a doleful garden for a princess.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:doleful:x8:1
# text = It was really a doleful garden for a princess.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
3	really	really	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	doleful	doleful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	garden	garden	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	for	for	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	princess	princess	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | It | a doleful garden |  |  |  | for a princess | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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