---
title: dross — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «dross» in the Judaism dictionary: The waste scum that rises when metal is melted and that is thrown away. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# dross

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** waste scum, silver, Burning lips, Thou, I, Thy · **What happens:** rise, melt, throw away, become, be, mix · **To what, where:** metal, that, become dross, wine, earthen vessel, testimonies

<!-- .vabout -->
«dross» in the Judaism dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 3 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [dross in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/dross.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The waste scum that rises when metal is melted and that is thrown away.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:dross:m1:1
# text = The waste scum that rises when metal is melted and that is thrown away.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	waste	waste	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	scum	scum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	5	nsubj	_	_
5	rises	rise	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	acl:relcl	_	_
6	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	9	advmod	_	_
7	metal	metal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj:pass	_	_
8	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux:pass	_	_
9	melted	melt	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	advcl	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
11	that	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	13	nsubj:pass	_	_
12	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux:pass	_	_
13	thrown	throw	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	conj	_	_
14	away	away	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rise** | present | the waste scum |  |  |  |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **melt** | present · passive |  | metal |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: subject=Result |
| 3 | **throw away** | present · passive |  | that |  |  |  | away *property* | vn throw-17.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Thy silver is become dross, thy wine mixed with water. (Prophets ISA.1.22, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Thy silver is become dross, thy wine mixed with water.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:dross:x1:1
# text = Thy silver is become dross, thy wine mixed with water.
1	Thy	thy	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	silver	silver	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	become	become	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	amod	_	_
5	dross	dross	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	thy	thy	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	wine	wine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
9	mixed	mix	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	acl	_	_
10	with	with	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **become** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **is a** | present | Thy silver | become dross and thy wine |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **mix** | participle |  | thy wine *not said here* |  |  |  | with water | vn mix-22.1-1-1 «NP V PP.co-patient»: agent=Patient with water=Co-Patient |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Prophets ISA.1.22, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:dross:x1:2
# text = (Prophets ISA.1.22, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Prophets	prophet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	ISA.1.22	ISA.1.22	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Burning lips and a wicked heart are like an earthen vessel overlaid with silver dross. (Writings PRO.26.23, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Burning lips and a wicked heart are like an earthen vessel overlaid with silver dross.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:dross:x2:1
# text = Burning lips and a wicked heart are like an earthen vessel overlaid with silver dross.
1	Burning	burn	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	amod	_	_
2	lips	lip	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj	_	_
3	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	wicked	wicked	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	heart	heart	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
7	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
8	like	like	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	earthen	earthen	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	vessel	vessel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
12	overlaid	overlay	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	acl	_	_
13	with	with	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	silver	silver	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	compound	_	_
15	dross	dross	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **burn** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | present | Burning lips and a wicked heart |  |  |  |  | like a earthen vessel | tree rules |
| 3 | **overlay** | participle |  | a earthen vessel *not said here* |  |  |  | with silver dross | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Writings PRO.26.23, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:dross:x2:2
# text = (Writings PRO.26.23, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Writings	writing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	PRO.26.23	PRO.26.23	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Thou puttest away all the wicked of the earth like dross; therefore I love Thy testimonies. (Writings PSA.119.119, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Thou puttest away all the wicked of the earth like dross; therefore I love Thy testimonies.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:dross:x3:1
# text = Thou puttest away all the wicked of the earth like dross; therefore I love Thy testimonies.
1	Thou	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	2	nsubj	_	_
2	puttest	put	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	away	away	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
4	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	6	det:predet	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	wicked	wicked	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	earth	earth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
10	like	like	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	dross	dross	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	15	punct	_	_
13	therefore	therefore	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	_
14	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	15	nsubj	_	_
15	love	love	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
16	Thy	thy	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	17	nmod:poss	_	_
17	testimonies	testimony	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **put away** | present | Thou |  |  |  |  | away, wicked *property* | vn invest-13.5.4-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **love** | present | I | Thy testimonies |  |  |  | therefore *property* | vn admire-31.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer testimony=Stimulus |
| 3 | **testify** |  | Thy |  |  |  |  |  | nom testimony «communication intransitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Writings PSA.119.119, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:dross:x3:2
# text = (Writings PSA.119.119, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Writings	writing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	PSA.119.119	PSA.119.119	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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