---
title: falsehood — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «falsehood» in the Judaism dictionary: A lie; something said that is not true. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# falsehood

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** lie, that, state, I, law, ye · **What happens:** say, not be, be, hate, abhor, love · **To what, where:** falsehood, children, evil, He, truth, mix · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«falsehood» in the Judaism dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 10 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [falsehood in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/falsehood.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A lie; something said that is not true.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:falsehood:m1:1
# text = A lie; something said that is not true.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	lie	lie	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	5	nsubj	_	_
5	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	that	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	9	nsubj	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
8	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	9	advmod	_	_
9	true	true	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | a lie |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **not** **is** | present | that |  |  |  |  | true *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The state of being untrue: the truth or falsehood of a claim.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:falsehood:m2:1
# text = The state of being untrue: the truth or falsehood of a claim.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	state	state	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	cop	_	_
5	untrue	untrue	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	8	punct	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	truth	truth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	falsehood	falsehood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	claim	claim	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | gerund | the state |  |  |  |  | untrue *property* | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I hate and abhor falsehood; Thy law do I love. (Writings PSA.119.163, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* I hate and abhor falsehood; Thy law do I love.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:falsehood:x1:1
# text = I hate and abhor falsehood; Thy law do I love.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	hate	hate	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	abhor	abhor	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
5	falsehood	falsehood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	_
7	Thy	thy	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	law	law	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
9	do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
10	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
11	love	love	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hate** | present | I |  |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **abhor** | present | I *not said here* | falsehood |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer falsehood=Stimulus |
| 3 | **love** | present · do-support | Thy law |  |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Experiencer |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Writings PSA.119.163, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:falsehood:x1:2
# text = (Writings PSA.119.163, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Writings	writing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	PSA.119.163	PSA.119.163	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Are ye not children of transgression, a seed of falsehood, (Prophets ISA.57.4, JPS 1917)

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:falsehood:x2:1
# text = Are ye not children of transgression, a seed of falsehood, (Prophets ISA.57.4, JPS 1917)
1	Are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
2	ye	ye	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	4	nsubj	_	_
3	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	4	advmod	_	_
4	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	transgression	transgression	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	seed	seed	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	appos	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	falsehood	falsehood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
13	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	Prophets	prophet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	appos	_	_
15	ISA.57.4	ISA.57.4	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
17	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	15	flat	_	_
18	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	15	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	14	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **is a** | present | ye | children |  |  |  | of transgression | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Thou lovest evil more than good; falsehood rather than speaking righteousness. (Writings PSA.52.5, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Thou lovest evil more than good; falsehood rather than speaking righteousness.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:falsehood:x3:1
# text = Thou lovest evil more than good; falsehood rather than speaking righteousness.
1	Thou	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	2	nsubj	_	_
2	lovest	love	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	evil	evil	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	obj	_	_
4	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	3	obj	_	_
5	than	than	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	falsehood	falsehood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	_
9	rather	rather	ADV	RB	ExtPos=CCONJ	11	compound	_	_
10	than	than	ADP	IN	_	9	fixed	_	_
11	speaking	speak	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	12	amod	_	_
12	righteousness	righteousness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **love** | present | Thou | evil |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **speak** *speech: other* | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Writings PSA.52.5, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:falsehood:x3:2
# text = (Writings PSA.52.5, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Writings	writing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	PSA.52.5	PSA.52.5	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He was punished for telling a falsehood.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:falsehood:x4:1
# text = He was punished for telling a falsehood.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	punished	punish	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
5	telling	tell	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	falsehood	falsehood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **punish** | past · passive |  | He |  |  |  |  | vn prosecute-33.2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |
| 2 | **tell** *speech: assert* | gerund |  | a falsehood |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent falsehood=Recipient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The website was full of falsehoods.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:falsehood:x5:1
# text = The website was full of falsehoods.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	website	website	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	full	full	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	falsehoods	falsehood	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the website |  |  |  |  | of falsehoods; full *property* | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We must learn to tell truth from falsehood.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:falsehood:x6:1
# text = We must learn to tell truth from falsehood.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	learn	learn	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	tell	tell	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	truth	truth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
7	from	from	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	falsehood	falsehood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **learn** | must | We |  |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **tell** *speech: assert* | to-infinitive | We *not said here* | truth |  | falsehood |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent truth=Recipient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Her story was a mix of truth and falsehood.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:falsehood:x7:1
# text = Her story was a mix of truth and falsehood.
1	Her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	story	story	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	mix	mix	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	truth	truth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	falsehood	falsehood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | Her story | a mix |  |  |  | of truth and falsehood | tree rules |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The judge asked the witness not to say any falsehood.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:falsehood:x8:1
# text = The judge asked the witness not to say any falsehood.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	judge	judge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	asked	ask	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	witness	witness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	8	advmod	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	say	say	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
9	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	10	det	_	_
10	falsehood	falsehood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **ask** *speech: ask* | past | the judge | the witness |  |  |  |  | vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V NP whether S\_INF»: agent=Agent witness=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 2 | **not** **say** *speech: assert* *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | the witness *not said here* | any falsehood |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent falsehood=Topic |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Spreading falsehoods about people is unkind.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:falsehood:x9:1
# text = Spreading falsehoods about people is unkind.
1	Spreading	spread	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	csubj	_	_
2	falsehoods	falsehood	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
3	about	about	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
6	unkind	unkind	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **spread** | gerund |  | falsehoods |  |  |  | about people | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent falsehood=Theme about people=Destination |
| 2 | **is** | present | Spreading |  |  |  |  | unkind *property* | tree rules |

## Example 10 {#x10}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Still he scorned to tell a falsehood.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:falsehood:x10:1
# text = Still he scorned to tell a falsehood.
1	Still	still	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
2	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	scorned	scorn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	tell	tell	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	falsehood	falsehood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **scorn** | past | he |  |  |  | still |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **tell** *speech: assert* | to-infinitive | he *not said here* | a falsehood |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent falsehood=Recipient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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