---
title: falsifying — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «falsifying» in the Judaism dictionary: Changing something such as a document, record or result so that it is false and tricks people: falsifying the test scores. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# falsifying

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** result, Changing, Proving, we, deceit, his · **What happens:** change, be, trick, falsify, prove, say · **To what, where:** something, people, test scores, new moon, grain, corn · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«falsifying» in the Judaism dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [falsifying in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/falsifying.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Changing something such as a document, record or result so that it is false and tricks people: falsifying the test scores.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:falsifying:m1:1
# text = Changing something such as a document, record or result so that it is false and tricks people: falsifying the test scores.
1	Changing	change	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	20	csubj	_	_
2	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	1	obj	_	_
3	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	6	case	_	_
4	as	as	ADP	IN	_	3	fixed	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	document	document	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	record	record	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	result	result	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
11	so	so	SCONJ	IN	ExtPos=SCONJ	15	mark	_	_
12	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	11	fixed	_	_
13	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	nsubj	_	_
14	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
15	false	false	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	advcl	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	tricks	trick	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	conj	_	_
18	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	20	punct	_	_
20	falsifying	falsify	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
22	test	test	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	compound	_	_
23	scores	score	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	20	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **change** | gerund |  | something |  |  |  | such a document and record or result | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Patient |
| 2 | **is** | present | result |  |  |  |  | false *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **trick** | present | result *not said here* | people |  |  |  |  | vn trick-59.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent people=Patient |
| 4 | **falsify** | gerund | Changing | the test scores |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: science — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Proving that an idea or theory is wrong.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:falsifying:m2:1
# text = Proving that an idea or theory is wrong.
1	Proving	prove	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	csubj	_	_
2	that	that	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	idea	idea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	theory	theory	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
8	wrong	wrong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **prove** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | that a idea or theory | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | present | Proving |  |  |  |  | wrong *property* | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Saying: 'When will the new moon be gone, that we may sell grain? and the sabbath, that we may set forth corn? making the ephah small, and the shekel great, and falsifying the balances of deceit; (Prophets AMO.8.5, JPS 1917)

<!-- fold The tree, 40 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:falsifying:x1:1
# text = Saying: 'When will the new moon be gone, that we may sell grain? and the sabbath, that we may set forth corn? making the ephah small, and the shekel great, and falsifying the balances of deceit; (Prophets AMO.8.5, JPS 1917)
1	Saying	say	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
3	'	'	PUNCT	``	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	When	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	10	mark	_	_
5	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	moon	moon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
9	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	aux:pass	_	_
10	gone	go	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
12	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	15	mark	_	_
13	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	15	nsubj	_	_
14	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	15	aux	_	_
15	sell	sell	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	conj	_	_
16	grain	grain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	sabbath	sabbath	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
22	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	25	mark	_	_
23	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	25	nsubj	_	_
24	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	25	aux	_	_
25	set	set	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	ccomp	_	_
26	forth	forth	ADV	RB	_	25	advmod	_	_
27	corn	corn	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	25	punct	_	_
29	making	make	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	25	advcl	_	_
30	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	31	det	_	_
31	ephah	ephah	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	obj	_	_
32	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	29	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	37	punct	_	_
34	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	37	cc	_	_
35	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	36	det	_	_
36	shekel	shekel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	37	nsubj	_	_
37	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
38	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	40	punct	_	_
39	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	40	cc	_	_
40	falsifying	falsify	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	37	conj	_	_
41	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	42	det	_	_
42	balances	balance	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	40	obj	_	_
43	of	of	ADP	IN	_	44	case	_	_
44	deceit	deceit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	42	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
45	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	47	punct	_	_
46	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	47	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
47	Prophets	prophet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	37	appos	_	_
48	AMO.8.5	AMO.8.5	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	47	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
49	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	50	punct	_	_
50	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	48	flat	_	_
51	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	48	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
52	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	47	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **go** | future · passive |  | the new moon |  |  |  |  | vn meander-47.7 «PP.location V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 3 | **sell** | may | we | grain |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent grain=Theme |
| 4 | **set** | may | we | corn |  |  |  | forth *property* | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Patient corn=Result |
| 5 | **make** | gerund | we *not said here* | the ephah |  |  |  | small *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset ephah=Product |
| 6 | **falsify** | gerund |  | the balances of deceit |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 7 | **balance** |  | deceit |  |  |  |  |  | nom balance «state intransitive»: of=agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He was caught falsifying his homework marks.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:falsifying:x2:1
# text = He was caught falsifying his homework marks.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	caught	catch	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	falsifying	falsify	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	xcomp	_	_
5	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
6	homework	homework	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	marks	mark	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **catch** | past · passive |  | He |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **falsify** | gerund |  | his homework marks |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **mark** |  | his *= he* |  |  |  |  |  | nom mark «cognition transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Falsifying a passport is a crime.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:falsifying:x3:1
# text = Falsifying a passport is a crime.
1	Falsifying	falsify	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	csubj	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	passport	passport	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	crime	crime	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **falsify** | gerund |  | a passport |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **is a** | present | Falsifying | a crime |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The company was fined for falsifying its accounts.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:falsifying:x4:1
# text = The company was fined for falsifying its accounts.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	company	company	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	fined	fine	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
6	falsifying	falsify	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	advcl	_	_
7	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	accounts	account	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fine** | past · passive |  | the company |  |  |  |  | vn bill-54.5-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |
| 2 | **falsify** | gerund |  | company's accounts |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **account** |  | company |  |  |  |  |  | nom account «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Scientists test ideas by trying to falsify them.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:falsifying:x5:1
# text = Scientists test ideas by trying to falsify them.
1	Scientists	scientist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	test	test	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	ideas	idea	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
5	trying	try	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	falsify	falsify	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	xcomp	_	_
8	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **test** | present | Scientists | ideas |  |  |  |  | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent idea=Theme |
| 2 | **try** | gerund | Scientists *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn try-61.1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 3 | **falsify** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | Scientists *not said here* | ideas *= idea* |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
One white swan doesn't prove all swans are white, but one black swan falsifies it.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:falsifying:x6:1
# text = One white swan doesn't prove all swans are white, but one black swan falsifies it.
1	One	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	3	nummod	_	_
2	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	swan	swan	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
4	does	do	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	6	advmod	_	_
6	prove	prove	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
7	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	8	det	_	_
8	swans	swan	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj	_	_
9	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
10	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
12	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
13	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	15	nummod	_	_
14	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	swan	swan	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nsubj	_	_
16	falsifies	falsify	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	parataxis	_	_
17	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **prove** | present · do-support | One white swan |  |  |  |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | present | all swans |  |  |  |  | white *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **falsify** | present | one black swan | it |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She admitted falsifying the report.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:falsifying:x7:1
# text = She admitted falsifying the report.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	admitted	admit	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	falsifying	falsify	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	xcomp	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	report	report	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **admit** *speech: other* | past | She |  |  |  |  |  | vn confess-37.10 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **falsify** | gerund | She *not said here* | the report |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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