---
title: former — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «former» in the Judaism dictionary: Former means earlier, from before but not now: «the former head teacher», «a former champion». Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# former

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Former, two things, second, form, schools, I · **What happens:** mean, mention, be, call, give, gather · **To what, where:** first, class, pupil, rain, oil, corn · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«former» in the Judaism dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 14 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [former in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/former.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Former means earlier, from before but not now: «the former head teacher», «a former champion».

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:former:m1:1
# text = Former means earlier, from before but not now: «the former head teacher», «a former champion».
1	Former	former	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	earlier	early	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	2	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	from	from	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	before	before	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
7	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
8	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	9	advmod	_	_
9	now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	15	punct	_	_
11	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
13	former	former	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
14	head	head	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	compound	_	_
15	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
18	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	21	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
20	former	former	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	_
21	champion	champion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	21	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Former |  |  |  |  | before, early *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The former means the first of two things just mentioned; the second is «the latter».

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:former:m2:1
# text = The former means the first of two things just mentioned; the second is «the latter».
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	former	former	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	nsubj	_	_
3	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	first	first	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	3	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
8	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	_
9	just	just	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
10	mentioned	mention	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	second	second	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nsubj	_	_
14	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	17	cop	_	_
15	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	latter	latter	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | the former | the first of two things |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **mention** *speech: other* | past | two things *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **is** *in a quote* | present | the second |  |  |  |  | latter *property* | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: UK schools, old — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A form is a class, and some schools call a pupil «a sixth-former».

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:former:m3:1
# text = A form is a class, and some schools call a pupil «a sixth-former».
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	form	form	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	class	class	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
8	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	9	det	_	_
9	schools	school	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj	_	_
10	call	call	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	pupil	pupil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	_
13	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
15	sixth	sixth	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	former	former	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a form | a class |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **call** | present | some schools | a class *not said here* | a pupil |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent pupil=Recipient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
that I will give the rain of your land in its season, the former rain and the latter rain, that thou mayest gather in thy corn, and thy wine, and thine oil. (Torah DEU.11.14, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* that I will give the rain of your land in its season, the former rain and the latter rain, that thou mayest gather in thy corn, and thy wine, and thine oil.

<!-- fold The tree, 32 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:former:x1:1
# text = that I will give the rain of your land in its season, the former rain and the latter rain, that thou mayest gather in thy corn, and thy wine, and thine oil.
1	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	4	mark	_	_
2	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
3	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	give	give	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	25	advcl	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	rain	rain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	12	nmod:poss	_	_
12	season	season	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
15	former	former	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	rain	rain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
19	latter	latter	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
20	rain	rain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
22	that	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	25	nsubj	_	_
23	thou	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	25	nsubj	_	_
24	mayest	may	AUX	MD	Style=Arch|VerbForm=Fin	25	aux	_	_
25	gather	gather	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
26	in	in	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
27	thy	thy	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	28	nmod:poss	_	_
28	corn	corn	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	32	punct	_	_
30	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	32	cc	_	_
31	thy	thy	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	32	nmod:poss	_	_
32	wine	wine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	36	punct	_	_
34	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	36	cc	_	_
35	thine	thy	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	36	nmod:poss	_	_
36	oil	oil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
37	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	25	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | future | I | the rain of your land |  |  | season |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rain=Theme |
| 2 | **gather** | may | that | thine oil |  | thy corn |  |  | vn herd-47.5.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **rain** |  |  | your land |  |  |  |  | nom rain «phenomenon transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Torah DEU.11.14, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:former:x1:2
# text = (Torah DEU.11.14, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Torah	Torah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	DEU.11.14	DEU.11.14	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
within yet three days shall Pharaoh lift up thy head, and restore thee unto thine office; and thou shalt give Pharaoh's cup into his hand, after the former manner when thou wast his butler. (Torah GEN.40.13, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* within yet three days shall Pharaoh lift up thy head, and restore thee unto thine office; and thou shalt give Pharaoh's cup into his hand, after the former manner when thou wast his butler.

<!-- fold The tree, 35 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:former:x2:1
# text = within yet three days shall Pharaoh lift up thy head, and restore thee unto thine office; and thou shalt give Pharaoh's cup into his hand, after the former manner when thou wast his butler.
1	within	within	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	yet	yet	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
3	three	three	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	days	day	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
5	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
6	Pharaoh	Pharaoh	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	appos	_	_
7	lift	lift	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	up	up	ADP	RP	_	7	compound:prt	_	_
9	thy	thy	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	head	head	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	restore	restore	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	conj	_	_
14	thee	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	13	obj	_	_
15	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	thine	thy	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	17	nmod:poss	_	_
17	office	office	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	22	punct	_	_
19	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
20	thou	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	22	nsubj	_	_
21	shalt	shall	AUX	MD	Style=Arch|VerbForm=Fin	22	aux	_	_
22	give	give	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	conj	_	_
23	Pharaoh	Pharaoh	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	25	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	's	's	PART	POS	_	23	case	_	_
25	cup	cup	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obj	_	_
26	into	into	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
27	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	28	nmod:poss	_	_
28	hand	hand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	33	punct	_	_
30	after	after	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
31	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	33	det	_	_
32	former	former	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	33	amod	_	_
33	manner	manner	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obl	_	_
34	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	36	advmod	_	_
35	thou	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	36	nsubj	_	_
36	wast	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Style=Arch|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	22	advcl	_	_
37	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	38	nmod:poss	_	_
38	butler	butler	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	36	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
39	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lift up** | present | three days | thy head |  |  |  |  | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent head=Theme |
| 2 | **restore** | infinitive | three days *not said here* | thee |  |  |  | unto thine office | vn contribute-13.2 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent thou=Theme |
| 3 | **give** | shall | thou | Pharaoh's cup |  | Pharaoh's hand | after the former manner |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cup=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Torah GEN.40.13, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:former:x2:2
# text = (Torah GEN.40.13, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Torah	Torah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	GEN.40.13	GEN.40.13	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
For Heshbon was the city of Sihon the king of the Amorites, who had fought against the former king of Moab, and taken all his land out of his hand, even unto the Arnon. (Torah NUM.21.26, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* For Heshbon was the city of Sihon the king of the Amorites, who had fought against the former king of Moab, and taken all his land out of his hand, even unto the Arnon.

<!-- fold The tree, 34 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:former:x3:1
# text = For Heshbon was the city of Sihon the king of the Amorites, who had fought against the former king of Moab, and taken all his land out of his hand, even unto the Arnon.
1	For	for	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
2	Heshbon	Heshbon	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Sihon	Sihon	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	king	king	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	appos	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	Amorites	Amorite	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
14	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	16	nsubj	_	_
15	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	16	aux	_	_
16	fought	fight	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	12	acl:relcl	_	_
17	against	against	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
19	former	former	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
20	king	king	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obl	_	_
21	of	of	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	Moab	Moab	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	20	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
24	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
25	taken	take	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	16	conj	_	_
26	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	28	det:predet	_	_
27	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	28	nmod:poss	_	_
28	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	obj	_	_
29	out	out	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
30	of	of	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
31	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	32	nmod:poss	_	_
32	hand	hand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	37	punct	_	_
34	even	even	ADV	RB	_	37	advmod	_	_
35	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	37	case	_	_
36	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	37	det	_	_
37	Arnon	Arnon	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	25	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
38	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | Heshbon |  |  |  |  | for the city; of Sihon | tree rules |
| 2 | **fight** | past · perfect | the Amorites |  |  |  |  | against the former king of Moab | vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **take** | participle | the Amorites *not said here* | Heshbon's land |  | Heshbon's hand |  | unto the Arnon | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.initial\_location»: agent=Agent land=Theme out hand=Initial\_Location |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Torah NUM.21.26, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:former:x3:2
# text = (Torah NUM.21.26, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Torah	Torah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	NUM.21.26	NUM.21.26	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Howbeit they did not hearken, but they did after their former manner. (Prophets 2KI.17.40, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Howbeit they did not hearken, but they did after their former manner.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:former:x4:1
# text = Howbeit they did not hearken, but they did after their former manner.
1	Howbeit	howbeit	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
2	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
3	did	do	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
4	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	5	advmod	_	_
5	hearken	hearken	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
8	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	did	do	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	advcl	_	_
10	after	after	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
11	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	13	nmod:poss	_	_
12	former	former	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	manner	manner	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **hearken** | past · do-support | they |  |  |  |  | howbeit *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **do** | past | they |  |  |  | after their former manner |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Prophets 2KI.17.40, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:former:x4:2
# text = (Prophets 2KI.17.40, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Prophets	prophet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	2KI.17.40	2KI.17.40	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	2	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nmod:unmarked	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Remember ye not the former things, neither consider the things of old. (Prophets ISA.43.18, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Remember ye not the former things, neither consider the things of old.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:former:x5:1
# text = Remember ye not the former things, neither consider the things of old.
1	Remember	remember	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	ye	ye	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	1	obj	_	_
3	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	1	advmod	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	former	former	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	neither	neither	CCONJ	CC	Polarity=Neg	9	cc:preconj	_	_
9	consider	consider	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	1	conj	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obj	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **remember** | imperative | you *not said here* | ye |  |  |  | the former things *obl* | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent ye=Theme |
| 2 | **consider** | infinitive | you *not said here* | the things of old |  |  |  |  | vn consider-29.9-1-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Agent thing=Attribute |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Prophets ISA.43.18, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:former:x5:2
# text = (Prophets ISA.43.18, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Prophets	prophet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	ISA.43.18	ISA.43.18	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Where are Thy former mercies, O Lord, which Thou didst swear unto David in Thy faithfulness? (Writings PSA.89.50, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Where are Thy former mercies, O Lord, which Thou didst swear unto David in Thy faithfulness?

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:former:x6:1
# text = Where are Thy former mercies, O Lord, which Thou didst swear unto David in Thy faithfulness?
1	Where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	0	root	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	cop	_	_
3	Thy	thy	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	5	nmod:poss	_	_
4	former	former	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	mercies	mercy	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	O	o	INTJ	UH	_	8	discourse	_	_
8	Lord	Lord	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	12	nsubj	_	_
11	Thou	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	12	nsubj	_	_
12	didst	do	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Style=Arch|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
13	swear	swear	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	12	xcomp	_	_
14	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	David	David	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	_
16	in	in	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	Thy	thy	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	18	nmod:poss	_	_
18	faithfulness	faithfulness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Thy former mercies |  |  |  |  | where *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **do** | past | Thy former mercies |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **swear** | infinitive | Thy former mercies *not said here* |  |  | Thy faithfulness |  | unto David | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Writings PSA.89.50, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:former:x6:2
# text = (Writings PSA.89.50, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Writings	writing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	PSA.89.50	PSA.89.50	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our former teacher came to visit.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:former:x7:1
# text = Our former teacher came to visit.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	former	former	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	visit	visit	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | past | Our former teacher |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **visit** | to-infinitive | Our former teacher *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn meet-36.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He is a former Olympic champion.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:former:x8:1
# text = He is a former Olympic champion.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
4	former	former	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
5	Olympic	olympic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	champion	champion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | He | a former Olympic champion |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Tea and coffee? I prefer the former, so tea please.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Tea and coffee?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:former:x9:1
# text = Tea and coffee?
1	Tea	tea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	coffee	coffee	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* I prefer the former, so tea please.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:former:x9:2
# text = I prefer the former, so tea please.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	prefer	prefer	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	former	former	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	so	so	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	tea	tea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
8	please	please	INTJ	UH	_	2	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **prefer** | present | I | the former |  |  |  | tea *obl* | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer former=Stimulus |

## Example 10 {#x10}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Kenya is a former British colony.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:former:x10:1
# text = Kenya is a former British colony.
1	Kenya	kenya	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
4	former	former	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
5	British	British	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	colony	colony	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Kenya | a former British colony |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 11 {#x11}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The castle is a shadow of its former self.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:former:x11:1
# text = The castle is a shadow of its former self.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	castle	castle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	shadow	shadow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
8	former	former	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	self	self	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the castle | a shadow |  |  |  | of castle's former self | tree rules |

## Example 12 {#x12}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In former times, children worked in factories.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:former:x12:1
# text = In former times, children worked in factories.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	former	former	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	times	time	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
6	worked	work	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	factories	factory	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **work** | past | children |  |  |  | time | in factories | vn employment-95.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent in factory=Theme |

## Example 13 {#x13}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My sister is a sixth-former.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:former:x13:1
# text = My sister is a sixth-former.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	sister	sister	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	sixth	sixth	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	former	former	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | My sister |  |  |  |  | former *property* | tree rules |

## Example 14 {#x14}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The poor Jackdaw returned sadly to his former companions.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:former:x14:1
# text = The poor Jackdaw returned sadly to his former companions.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	poor	poor	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	Jackdaw	Jackdaw	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	returned	return	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	sadly	sadly	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
8	former	former	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	companions	companion	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **return** | past | the poor Jackdaw |  |  |  |  | to Jackdaw's former companions *result*; sadly *property* | vn convert-26.6.2-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Patient to companion=Result |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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