---
title: genus — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «genus» in the Judaism dictionary: A genus is a group of closely related kinds (species) of living things; it is a step in how scientists sort life. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# genus

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** genus, scientists, antithesis, individual, Lions, Humans · **What happens:** be, sort, mean, notwithstand, produce, decay · **To what, where:** group, step, life, kind, decay, genus

<!-- .vabout -->
«genus» in the Judaism dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [genus in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/genus.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: science — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A genus is a group of closely related kinds (species) of living things; it is a step in how scientists sort life.

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:genus:m1:1
# text = A genus is a group of closely related kinds (species) of living things; it is a step in how scientists sort life.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	genus	genus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	group	group	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	closely	closely	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	related	related	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	kinds	kind	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	_
10	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	species	species	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	11	punct	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	living	living	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	20	punct	_	_
17	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	20	nsubj	_	_
18	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	20	cop	_	_
19	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	step	step	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
21	in	in	SCONJ	IN	_	24	mark	_	_
22	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	24	advmod	_	_
23	scientists	scientist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	24	nsubj	_	_
24	sort	sort	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	20	advcl	_	_
25	life	life	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a genus | a group and a step |  |  |  | of related kinds  species of living things | tree rules |
| 2 | **is a** | present | genus | a step |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **sort** | present | scientists | life |  |  |  |  | vn classify-29.10 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent life=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A genus can mean any kind or class of things.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:genus:m2:1
# text = A genus can mean any kind or class of things.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	genus	genus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	mean	mean	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	6	det	_	_
6	kind	kind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	class	class	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | can | a genus | any kind or class of things |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent kind=Topic |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Notwithstanding the decay of the individual, the genus is produced by the antithesis of man and wife. (Sefer Yetzirah, Kalisch 1877)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Notwithstanding the decay of the individual, the genus is produced by the antithesis of man and wife.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:genus:x1:1
# text = Notwithstanding the decay of the individual, the genus is produced by the antithesis of man and wife.
1	Notwithstanding	notwithstand	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	11	advcl	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	decay	decay	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	individual	individual	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	genus	genus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj:pass	_	_
10	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux:pass	_	_
11	produced	produce	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
12	by	by	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	antithesis	antithesis	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
18	wife	wife	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **notwithstand** | gerund | the antithesis of man and wife *not said here* | the decay of the individual |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **produce** | present · passive | the antithesis of man and wife | the genus |  |  |  |  | vn create-26.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Result |
| 3 | **decay** |  | the individual |  |  |  |  |  | nom decay «process intransitive»: of=agent |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Sefer Yetzirah, Kalisch 1877)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:genus:x1:2
# text = (Sefer Yetzirah, Kalisch 1877)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Sefer	Sefer	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	Yetzirah	Yetzirah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	Kalisch	Kalisch	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
6	1877	1877	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Lions and tigers belong to the same genus, Panthera.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:genus:x2:1
# text = Lions and tigers belong to the same genus, Panthera.
1	Lions	lion	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	tigers	tiger	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	conj	_	_
4	belong	belong	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	same	same	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	genus	genus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	Panthera	Panthera	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **belong** | present | Lions and tigers |  |  |  |  | to the same genus | vn attend-107.4-2 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Humans are the only living species in the genus Homo.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:genus:x3:1
# text = Humans are the only living species in the genus Homo.
1	Humans	human	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
4	only	only	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
5	living	living	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	species	species	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	genus	genus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod:desc	_	_
10	Homo	Homo	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Humans | the only living species |  | the Homo  genus |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The genus name always comes first in a scientific name.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:genus:x4:1
# text = The genus name always comes first in a scientific name.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	genus	genus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	always	always	ADV	RB	PronType=Tot	5	advmod	_	_
5	comes	come	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	first	first	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	5	advmod	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	scientific	scientific	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | present | the genus name |  |  | a scientific name |  | always, first *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in name=Location |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Write the genus with a capital letter: Canis lupus.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:genus:x5:1
# text = Write the genus with a capital letter: Canis lupus.
1	Write	write	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	genus	genus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	capital	capital	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	letter	letter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
9	Canis	Canis	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	lupus	lupus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **write** | imperative | you *not said here* | the genus |  |  |  | with a capital letter | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent genus=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Scientists found a new genus of frog in the rainforest.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:genus:x6:1
# text = Scientists found a new genus of frog in the rainforest.
1	Scientists	scientist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	found	find	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	genus	genus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	frog	frog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	rainforest	rainforest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **find** | past | Scientists | a new genus of frog in the rainforest |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent genus=Topic |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
One genus can include many species.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:genus:x7:1
# text = One genus can include many species.
1	One	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	2	nummod	_	_
2	genus	genus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	include	include	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	species	species	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **include** | can | One genus | many species |  |  |  |  | vn involve-107.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent species=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Perrault's Toads and Diamonds is of the same genus.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:genus:x8:1
# text = Perrault's Toads and Diamonds is of the same genus.
1	Perrault	Perrault	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	's	PART	POS	_	1	case	_	_
3	Toads	toad	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	Diamonds	diamond	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	conj	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	same	same	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	genus	genus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Perrault's Toads and Diamonds |  |  |  |  | of the same genus | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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