---
title: grammar — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «grammar» in the Judaism dictionary: The rules of a language about how words change and are put together into sentences. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# grammar

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** words, language, school, author, writers, Honorable Mayer · **What happens:** change, put together, rule, use, pick, accord · **To what, where:** rules, sentences, speech, pupils, errors, me

<!-- .vabout -->
«grammar» in the Judaism dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 11 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [grammar in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/grammar.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The rules of a language about how words change and are put together into sentences.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:grammar:m1:1
# text = The rules of a language about how words change and are put together into sentences.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	rules	rule	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	about	about	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
7	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	9	advmod	_	_
8	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj	_	_
9	change	change	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
11	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	aux:pass	_	_
12	put	put	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
13	together	together	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
14	into	into	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	sentences	sentence	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	12	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **change** | present | words |  |  |  |  |  | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **put together** | present · passive |  | the rules of a language |  | sentences |  | together *property* | vn invest-13.5.4-1 «NP V PP»: subject=Goal |
| 3 | **rule** |  | a language |  |  |  |  |  | nom rule «cognition intransitive»: of=agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Using those rules correctly in speech or writing.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:grammar:m2:1
# text = Using those rules correctly in speech or writing.
1	Using	use	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	0	root	_	_
2	those	that	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	3	det	_	_
3	rules	rule	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
4	correctly	correctly	ADV	RB	_	1	advmod	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	speech	speech	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	writing	writing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | gerund |  | that rules |  | speech or writing |  | correctly *property* | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rule=Patient |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A book about grammar.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:grammar:m3:1
# text = A book about grammar.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	book	book	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	about	about	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	grammar	grammar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: UK — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Short for «grammar school», a school that picks pupils by a test.

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:grammar:m4:1
# text = Short for «grammar school», a school that picks pupils by a test.
1	Short	short	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
2	for	for	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	grammar	grammar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
10	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	11	nsubj	_	_
11	picks	pick	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	acl:relcl	_	_
12	pupils	pupil	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obj	_	_
13	by	by	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	test	test	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pick** | present | a school | pupils |  |  |  | by a test | vn chew-39.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pupil=Patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Faulniann, Gesclndite 'kr Schnft, AVien 1880, p. 257, Bickell, Hebrew Grammar, Loipiig 1877. (Mordell, The Origin of Letters and Numerals according to Sefer Yetzirah (1914))

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Faulniann, Gesclndite 'kr Schnft, AVien 1880, p. 257, Bickell, Hebrew Grammar, Loipiig 1877.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:grammar:x1:1
# text = Faulniann, Gesclndite 'kr Schnft, AVien 1880, p. 257, Bickell, Hebrew Grammar, Loipiig 1877.
1	Faulniann	Faulniann	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
3	Gesclndite	Gesclndite	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod:poss	_	_
4	'	's	PART	POS	_	3	case	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	kr	kr	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod:desc	_	_
6	Schnft	Schnft	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	AVien	AVien	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	nmod:unmarked	_	_
9	1880	1880	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	1	list	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
11	p.	P.	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	conj	_	_
12	257	257	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	11	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
14	Bickell	Bickell	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
16	Hebrew	Hebrew	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	17	compound	_	_
17	Grammar	Grammar	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
19	Loipiig	Loipiig	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	20	nmod:unmarked	_	_
20	1877	1877	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	1	list	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Mordell, The Origin of Letters and Numerals according to Sefer Yetzirah (1914))

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:grammar:x1:2
# text = (Mordell, The Origin of Letters and Numerals according to Sefer Yetzirah (1914))
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Mordell	Mordell	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
4	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	Origin	Origin	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Letters	letter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	Numerals	numeral	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	conj	_	_
10	according	accord	VERB	VBG	ExtPos=ADP|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	12	case	_	_
11	to	to	ADP	IN	_	10	fixed	_	_
12	Sefer	Sefer	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
13	Yetzirah	Yetzirah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	flat	_	_
14	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	1914	1914	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	2	list	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	))	))	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **accord** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn future\_having-13.3 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The author of the Sefer Yetzirah apparently cautioned against the very errors and mistakes into which all writers on Hebrew grammar have fallen. (Mordell, The Origin of Letters and Numerals according to Sefer Yetzirah (1914))

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* The author of the Sefer Yetzirah apparently cautioned against the very errors and mistakes into which all writers on Hebrew grammar have fallen.

<!-- fold The tree, 23 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:grammar:x2:1
# text = The author of the Sefer Yetzirah apparently cautioned against the very errors and mistakes into which all writers on Hebrew grammar have fallen.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	author	author	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	Sefer	Sefer	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	Yetzirah	Yetzirah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
7	apparently	apparently	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	cautioned	caution	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	against	against	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	very	very	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
12	errors	error	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	mistakes	mistake	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	conj	_	_
15	into	into	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	23	obl	_	_
17	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	18	det	_	_
18	writers	writer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	23	nsubj	_	_
19	on	on	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	Hebrew	hebrew	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	_
21	grammar	grammar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nmod	_	_
22	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	23	aux	_	_
23	fallen	fall	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	12	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **caution** *speech: other* | past | the author of the Sefer Yetzirah |  |  |  |  | against the errors and mistakes; apparently *property* | vn advise-37.9-1 «NP V PP.topic»: agent=Agent against error=Topic |
| 2 | **fall** | present · perfect | all writers on Hebrew grammar |  |  | the errors and mistakes |  |  | vn become-109.1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient into which=Result |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Mordell, The Origin of Letters and Numerals according to Sefer Yetzirah (1914))

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:grammar:x2:2
# text = (Mordell, The Origin of Letters and Numerals according to Sefer Yetzirah (1914))
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Mordell	Mordell	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
4	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	Origin	Origin	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Letters	letter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	Numerals	numeral	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	conj	_	_
10	according	accord	VERB	VBG	ExtPos=ADP|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	12	case	_	_
11	to	to	ADP	IN	_	10	fixed	_	_
12	Sefer	Sefer	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
13	Yetzirah	Yetzirah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	flat	_	_
14	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	1914	1914	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	2	list	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	))	))	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **accord** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn future\_having-13.3 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
When the Honorable Mayer Sulzberger heard me expressing my views on Hebrew orthography, he advised me to make a study of the Sefer Yetzirah which in his opinion constitutes the earliest Hebrew grammar extant. (Mordell, The Origin of Letters and Numerals according to Sefer Yetzirah (1914))

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* When the Honorable Mayer Sulzberger heard me expressing my views on Hebrew orthography, he advised me to make a study of the Sefer Yetzirah which in his opinion constitutes the earliest Hebrew grammar extant.

<!-- fold The tree, 34 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:grammar:x3:1
# text = When the Honorable Mayer Sulzberger heard me expressing my views on Hebrew orthography, he advised me to make a study of the Sefer Yetzirah which in his opinion constitutes the earliest Hebrew grammar extant.
1	When	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	6	advmod	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	Honorable	honorable	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	Mayer	Mayer	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
5	Sulzberger	Sulzberger	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	flat	_	_
6	heard	hear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	16	advcl	_	_
7	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	6	obj	_	_
8	expressing	express	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	xcomp	_	_
9	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	views	view	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obj	_	_
11	on	on	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	Hebrew	hebrew	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	orthography	orthography	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
15	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	nsubj	_	_
16	advised	advise	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
17	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	16	obj	_	_
18	to	to	PART	TO	_	19	mark	_	_
19	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	16	xcomp	_	_
20	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	study	study	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obj	_	_
22	of	of	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
24	Sefer	Sefer	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	25	compound	_	_
25	Yetzirah	Yetzirah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	21	nmod	_	_
26	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	30	obj	_	_
27	in	in	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
28	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	29	nmod:poss	_	_
29	opinion	opinion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	obl	_	_
30	constitutes	constitute	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	25	acl:relcl	_	_
31	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	34	det	_	_
32	earliest	early	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	34	amod	_	_
33	Hebrew	hebrew	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	34	amod	_	_
34	grammar	grammar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	obj	_	_
35	extant	extant	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	34	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	16	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hear** | past | the Honorable Mayer | me |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **express** | gerund | me *not said here* | my views |  | Hebrew orthography |  |  | vn reflexive\_appearance-48.1.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent view=Theme |
| 3 | **advise** *speech: other* | past | Mayer | me |  |  |  |  | vn advise-37.9-1 «NP V NP how S\_INF»: agent=Agent i=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 4 | **make** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | me *not said here* | a study of the Sefer Yetzirah |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset study=Product |
| 5 | **constitute** | present |  | the Sefer Yetzirah |  | Mayer's opinion |  |  | tree rules |
| 6 | **view** |  | my |  |  |  |  |  | nom view «cognition transitive»: poss=agent |
| 7 | **study** |  |  | the Sefer Yetzirah |  |  |  |  | nom study «act transitive»: of=patient |
| 8 | **opine** |  | Mayer |  |  |  |  |  | nom opinion «cognition transitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Mordell, The Origin of Letters and Numerals according to Sefer Yetzirah (1914))

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:grammar:x3:2
# text = (Mordell, The Origin of Letters and Numerals according to Sefer Yetzirah (1914))
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Mordell	Mordell	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
4	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	Origin	Origin	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Letters	letter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	Numerals	numeral	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	conj	_	_
10	according	accord	VERB	VBG	ExtPos=ADP|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	12	case	_	_
11	to	to	ADP	IN	_	10	fixed	_	_
12	Sefer	Sefer	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
13	Yetzirah	Yetzirah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	flat	_	_
14	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	1914	1914	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	2	list	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	))	))	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **accord** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn future\_having-13.3 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We have a grammar test on Friday.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:grammar:x4:1
# text = We have a grammar test on Friday.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	grammar	grammar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	test	test	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Friday	Friday	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | We | a grammar test |  |  |  | on Friday | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent test=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Check your grammar before you hand it in.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:grammar:x5:1
# text = Check your grammar before you hand it in.
1	Check	check	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	grammar	grammar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	before	before	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
5	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	hand	hand	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	advcl	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	obj	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	RP	_	6	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **check** | imperative | you *not said here* | your grammar |  |  |  |  | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent grammar=Theme |
| 2 | **hand in** | present | you | grammar |  |  |  |  | vn send-11.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Every language has its own grammar.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:grammar:x6:1
# text = Every language has its own grammar.
1	Every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	2	det	_	_
2	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
5	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	grammar	grammar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | every language | language's own grammar |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent grammar=Patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She bought a French grammar.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:grammar:x7:1
# text = She bought a French grammar.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	bought	buy	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	French	French	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	grammar	grammar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **buy** | past | She | a French grammar |  |  |  |  | vn accept-77.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent grammar=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My cousin goes to the grammar school.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:grammar:x8:1
# text = My cousin goes to the grammar school.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	cousin	cousin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	goes	go	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	grammar	grammar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go** | present | My cousin |  |  | the grammar school |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme to school=Initial\_Location |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Grammar helps us make our meaning clear.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:grammar:x9:1
# text = Grammar helps us make our meaning clear.
1	Grammar	grammar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	helps	help	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	obj	_	_
4	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	_
5	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	meaning	meaning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	clear	clear	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **help** | present | Grammar | us |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent we=Beneficiary clause=Theme |
| 2 | **make** | infinitive | us *not said here* | our meaning |  |  |  | clear *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset meaning=Product |
| 3 | **mean** |  | our |  |  |  |  |  | nom meaning «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 10 {#x10}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
His spelling is good, but his grammar needs work.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:grammar:x10:1
# text = His spelling is good, but his grammar needs work.
1	His	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	spelling	spelling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
6	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
7	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	grammar	grammar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
9	needs	need	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
10	work	work	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | His spelling |  |  |  |  | good *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **need** | present | his grammar | work |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot work=Theme |
| 3 | **spell** |  | His *= he* |  |  |  |  |  | nom spelling «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 11 {#x11}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Readers, geographies, histories, grammars flew in all directions.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:grammar:x11:1
# text = Readers, geographies, histories, grammars flew in all directions.
1	Readers	reader	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
3	geographies	geography	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	histories	history	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	grammars	grammar	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	conj	_	_
8	flew	fly	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	11	det	_	_
11	directions	direction	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fly** | past | Readers and geographies and histories and grammars |  |  | all directions |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in direction=Location |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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- ↑ back to [G in Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/judaism/G/)