---
title: impair — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «impair» in the Judaism dictionary: To damage something or make it weaker or worse, as in «Loud noise can impair your hearing». Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# impair

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** your, thou, loud music, Smoke, fog, driver · **What happens:** damage, make, impair, hear, weaken, do away · **To what, where:** something, it, hearing, Loud noise, adjective, devotion · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«impair» in the Judaism dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [impair in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/impair.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To damage something or make it weaker or worse, as in «Loud noise can impair your hearing».

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:impair:m1:1
# text = To damage something or make it weaker or worse, as in «Loud noise can impair your hearing».
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	damage	damage	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	make	make	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
6	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	obj	_	_
7	weaker	weak	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	5	xcomp	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	worse	bad	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
11	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	17	mark	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
13	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	Loud	loud	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	noise	noise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	_
16	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	17	aux	_	_
17	impair	impair	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
18	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	19	nmod:poss	_	_
19	hearing	hearing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **damage** | to-infinitive |  | something |  |  |  |  | vn destroy-44 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Patient |
| 2 | **make** | infinitive |  | it |  |  |  | weak *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset it=Product |
| 3 | **impair** *in a quote* | can |  | your hearing |  | Loud noise |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus hearing=Experiencer |
| 4 | **hear** *in a quote* |  | your |  |  |  |  |  | nom hearing «act intransitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«impaired» (adjective) — weakened, as in «hearing impaired» or «visually impaired».

<!-- fold The tree, 10 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:impair:m2:1
# text = «impaired» (adjective) — weakened, as in «hearing impaired» or «visually impaired».
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	impaired	impair	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
4	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	adjective	adjective	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	5	punct	_	_
7	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	8	punct	_	_
8	weakened	weaken	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
10	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	14	mark	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	fixed	_	_
12	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	hearing	hear	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	14	aux:pass	_	_
14	impaired	impair	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	14	punct	_	_
16	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
17	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	visually	visually	ADV	RB	_	19	advmod	_	_
19	impaired	impair	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **impair** *in a quote* | participle |  | adjective |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **weaken** | past |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **impair** *in a quote* | gerund · passive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle» |
| 4 | **impair** *in a quote* | participle |  |  |  |  |  | visually *property* | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Yea, thou doest away with fear, and impairest devotion before God. (Writings JOB.15.4, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Yea, thou doest away with fear, and impairest devotion before God.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:impair:x1:1
# text = Yea, thou doest away with fear, and impairest devotion before God.
1	Yea	yea	INTJ	UH	_	4	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	thou	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	4	nsubj	_	_
4	doest	do	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	away	away	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	fear	fear	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	impairest	impair	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
11	devotion	devotion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	_
12	before	before	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	God	God	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do away** | present | thou |  |  |  |  | with fear; away *property* | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **impair** | present | thou *not said here* | devotion |  |  | before God |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus devotion=Experiencer |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Writings JOB.15.4, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:impair:x1:2
# text = (Writings JOB.15.4, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Writings	writing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	JOB.15.4	JOB.15.4	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Very loud music can impair your hearing.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:impair:x2:1
# text = Very loud music can impair your hearing.
1	Very	very	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
2	loud	loud	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	music	music	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	impair	impair	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	hearing	hearing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **impair** | can | loud music | your hearing |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus hearing=Experiencer |
| 2 | **hear** |  | your |  |  |  |  |  | nom hearing «act intransitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Being tired can impair your concentration.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:impair:x3:1
# text = Being tired can impair your concentration.
1	Being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	cop	_	_
2	tired	tired	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	parataxis	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	impair	impair	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	concentration	concentration	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | tired *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **impair** | can |  | your concentration |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus concentration=Experiencer |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Smoke impairs your lungs.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:impair:x4:1
# text = Smoke impairs your lungs.
1	Smoke	smoke	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	impairs	impair	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	lungs	lung	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **impair** | present | Smoke | your lungs |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus lung=Experiencer |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our neighbour is visually impaired and has a guide dog.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:impair:x5:1
# text = Our neighbour is visually impaired and has a guide dog.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	neighbour	neighbour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
4	visually	visually	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	impaired	impair	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	guide	guide	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	dog	dog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **impair** | present · passive |  | Our neighbour |  |  |  | visually *property* | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Experiencer |
| 2 | **have** | present |  | a guide dog |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent dog=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The fog impaired the driver's view.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:impair:x6:1
# text = The fog impaired the driver's view.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	fog	fog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	impaired	impair	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	driver	driver	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	's	's	PART	POS	_	5	case	_	_
7	view	view	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **impair** | past | the fog | the driver's view |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus view=Experiencer |
| 2 | **view** |  | the driver |  |  |  |  |  | nom view «cognition transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Drugs can impair your judgement.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:impair:x7:1
# text = Drugs can impair your judgement.
1	Drugs	drug	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	impair	impair	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	judgement	judgement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **impair** | can | Drugs | your judgement |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus judgement=Experiencer |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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