---
title: improvement — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «improvement» in the Judaism dictionary: The act of getting better or making something better. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# improvement

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** act, change, amount, 10 marks, Israel Davidson, handwriting · **What happens:** get, make, become, improve, suggest, accord · **To what, where:** something, improvement, few improvements, big improvement, 60, home improvements

<!-- .vabout -->
«improvement» in the Judaism dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [improvement in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/improvement.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The act of getting better or making something better.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:improvement:m1:1
# text = The act of getting better or making something better.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	act	act	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	4	mark	_	_
4	getting	get	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	acl	_	_
5	better	good	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	4	xcomp	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	making	make	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	conj	_	_
8	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	7	obj	_	_
9	better	good	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	8	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **get** | gerund | the act *not said here* |  |  |  |  | good *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **make** | gerund | the act *not said here* | something |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset something=Product |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A change or addition that makes something better (home improvements).

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:improvement:m2:1
# text = A change or addition that makes something better (home improvements).
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	change	change	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	addition	addition	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
5	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	6	nsubj	_	_
6	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	6	obj	_	_
8	better	good	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	6	xcomp	_	_
9	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	home	home	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	improvements	improvement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present | a change or addition | something |  |  |  | good *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset something=Product |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The amount by which something has become better (an improvement of 10 marks).

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:improvement:m3:1
# text = The amount by which something has become better (an improvement of 10 marks).
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	amount	amount	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	by	by	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	obl	_	_
5	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	7	nsubj	_	_
6	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
7	become	become	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
8	better	well	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	7	advmod	_	_
9	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	improvement	improvement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	xcomp	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	10	10	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	14	nummod	_	_
14	marks	mark	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **become** | present · perfect | the amount | a improvement of 10 marks |  |  |  | well *property* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **improve** |  | 10 marks |  |  |  |  |  | nom improvement «event intransitive»: of=agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Israel Davidson for suggesting a few improvements. (Mordell, The Origin of Letters and Numerals according to Sefer Yetzirah (1914))

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Israel Davidson for suggesting a few improvements.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:improvement:x1:1
# text = Israel Davidson for suggesting a few improvements.
1	Israel	Israel	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	Davidson	Davidson	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	4	mark	_	_
4	suggesting	suggest	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	acl	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	few	few	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	improvements	improvement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **suggest** *speech: suggest* | gerund | Israel Davidson *not said here* | a few improvements |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent improvement=Topic |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Mordell, The Origin of Letters and Numerals according to Sefer Yetzirah (1914))

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:improvement:x1:2
# text = (Mordell, The Origin of Letters and Numerals according to Sefer Yetzirah (1914))
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Mordell	Mordell	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
4	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	Origin	Origin	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Letters	letter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	Numerals	numeral	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	conj	_	_
10	according	accord	VERB	VBG	ExtPos=ADP|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	12	case	_	_
11	to	to	ADP	IN	_	10	fixed	_	_
12	Sefer	Sefer	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
13	Yetzirah	Yetzirah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	flat	_	_
14	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	1914	1914	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	2	list	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	))	))	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **accord** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn future\_having-13.3 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Your handwriting shows a big improvement.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:improvement:x2:1
# text = Your handwriting shows a big improvement.
1	Your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	handwriting	handwriting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	shows	show	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	improvement	improvement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | present | Your handwriting | a big improvement |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent improvement=Recipient |
| 2 | **handwrite** |  | Your |  |  |  |  |  | nom handwriting «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Her test score went from 60 to 75, an improvement of 15 marks.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:improvement:x3:1
# text = Her test score went from 60 to 75, an improvement of 15 marks.
1	Her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	test	test	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	score	score	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	from	from	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	60	60	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	4	obl	_	_
7	to	to	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	75	75	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
10	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	improvement	improvement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	15	15	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	14	nummod	_	_
14	marks	mark	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go** | past | Her test score | a improvement of 15 marks |  | 60 to 75 |  |  | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme from 60=Initial\_Location |
| 2 | **score** |  | Her *= she* |  |  |  |  |  | nom score «cognition transitive»: poss=agent |
| 3 | **improve** |  | 15 marks |  |  |  |  |  | nom improvement «event intransitive»: of=agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There is still room for improvement.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:improvement:x4:1
# text = There is still room for improvement.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	is	be	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	still	still	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
4	room	room	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	improvement	improvement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | present | room for improvement |  |  | there | still |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The new park is an improvement on the old one.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:improvement:x5:1
# text = The new park is an improvement on the old one.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	park	park	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	improvement	improvement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	on	on	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the new park | a improvement |  |  |  | on the old one | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dad is doing some home improvements.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:improvement:x6:1
# text = Dad is doing some home improvements.
1	Dad	dad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	doing	do	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	6	det	_	_
5	home	home	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	improvements	improvement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do** | present · progressive | Dad | some home improvements |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent improvement=Eventuality |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The doctor saw an improvement in Grandpa's health.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:improvement:x7:1
# text = The doctor saw an improvement in Grandpa's health.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	doctor	doctor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	improvement	improvement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	Grandpa	Grandpa	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	's	's	PART	POS	_	7	case	_	_
9	health	health	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | past | the doctor | a improvement |  | Grandpa's health |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer improvement=Stimulus |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
You have many ships built by learned men, with all sorts of new and clever improvements.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:improvement:x8:1
# text = You have many ships built by learned men, with all sorts of new and clever improvements.
1	You	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	ships	ship	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	built	build	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl	_	_
6	by	by	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	learned	learn	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	amod	_	_
8	men	man	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	with	with	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	12	det	_	_
12	sorts	sort	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	conj	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
14	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	clever	clever	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	conj	_	_
17	improvements	improvement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | You | many ships |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ship=Patient |
| 2 | **build** | participle |  | many ships *not said here* |  |  |  | by learned men and all sorts of new improvements | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute |
| 3 | **learn** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **sort** |  |  | new improvements |  |  |  |  | nom sort «cognition transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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