---
title: incredulous — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «incredulous» in the Judaism dictionary: Not able or not willing to believe something; showing that you do not believe it: an incredulous look. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# incredulous

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** you, interesting comment, comment, time, Alice, talking toad · **What happens:** believe, show, not believe, follow, be, write · **To what, where:** something, it, Rabbi Moses Botarel, Abraham, Father, book · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«incredulous» in the Judaism dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [incredulous in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/incredulous.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Not able or not willing to believe something; showing that you do not believe it: an incredulous look.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:incredulous:m1:1
# text = Not able or not willing to believe something; showing that you do not believe it: an incredulous look.
1	Not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	2	advmod	_	_
2	able	able	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
3	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
4	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	5	advmod	_	_
5	willing	willing	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	conj	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	believe	believe	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	xcomp	_	_
8	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
10	showing	show	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	conj	_	_
11	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	15	mark	_	_
12	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	15	nsubj	_	_
13	do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	aux	_	_
14	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	15	advmod	_	_
15	believe	believe	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	ccomp	_	_
16	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	20	punct	_	_
18	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
19	incredulous	incredulous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
20	look	look	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **believe** | to-infinitive |  | something |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer something=Stimulus |
| 2 | **show** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **not** **believe** | present · do-support | you | it |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer it=Stimulus |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The following interesting comment is from Rabbi Moses Botarel:-"It was Abraham our Father-blessed be he who wrote this book to condemn the doctrine of the sages of his time, who were incredulous of the supreme dogma of the Unity. (Sefer Yetzirah, Westcott 1893)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* The following interesting comment is from Rabbi Moses Botarel:-"It was Abraham our Father-blessed be he who wrote this book to condemn the doctrine of the sages of his time, who were incredulous of the supreme dogma of the Unity.

<!-- fold The tree, 41 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:incredulous:x1:1
# text = The following interesting comment is from Rabbi Moses Botarel:-"It was Abraham our Father-blessed be he who wrote this book to condemn the doctrine of the sages of his time, who were incredulous of the supreme dogma of the Unity.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	following	follow	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	case	_	_
3	interesting	interesting	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	comment	comment	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
6	from	from	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	Rabbi	Rabbi	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
8	Moses	Moses	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	Botarel	Botarel	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	-	-	PUNCT	NFP	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	nsubj	_	_
14	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
15	Abraham	Abraham	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	_
16	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	17	nmod:poss	_	_
17	Father	Father	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	15	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	blessed	blessed	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	appos	_	_
20	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	21	cop	_	_
21	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	19	nsubj	_	_
22	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	23	nsubj	_	_
23	wrote	write	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	19	acl:relcl	_	_
24	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	25	det	_	_
25	book	book	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	obj	_	_
26	to	to	PART	TO	_	27	mark	_	_
27	condemn	condemn	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	25	acl	_	_
28	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	29	det	_	_
29	doctrine	doctrine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	obj	_	_
30	of	of	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
31	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	32	det	_	_
32	sages	sage	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	29	nmod	_	_
33	of	of	ADP	IN	_	35	case	_	_
34	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	35	nmod:poss	_	_
35	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	43	punct	_	_
37	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	43	nsubj	_	_
38	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	43	cop	_	_
39	incredulous	incredulous	ADP	IN	_	43	case	_	_
40	of	of	ADP	IN	_	43	case	_	_
41	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	43	det	_	_
42	supreme	supreme	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	43	amod	_	_
43	dogma	dogma	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	35	appos	_	_
44	of	of	ADP	IN	_	46	case	_	_
45	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	46	det	_	_
46	Unity	Unity	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	43	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
47	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | present | the interesting comment |  |  | Rabbi Moses Botarel and Abraham and our Father |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **is a** *in a quote* | past | comment | Abraham and our Father |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **is a** *in a quote* | infinitive |  | Father |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **write** *in a quote* | past |  | this book |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent book=Theme |
| 6 | **condemn** *in a quote* | to-infinitive |  | the doctrine of the sages of Father's time |  |  |  |  | vn judgment-33.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent doctrine=Theme |
| 7 | **is** *in a quote* | past | Father's time |  |  |  |  | incredulous the supreme dogma; of the Unity | tree rules |
| 8 | **indoctrinate** *in a quote* |  |  | the sages of Father's time |  |  |  |  | nom doctrine «cognition transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Sefer Yetzirah, Westcott 1893)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:incredulous:x1:2
# text = (Sefer Yetzirah, Westcott 1893)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Sefer	Sefer	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	Yetzirah	Yetzirah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	Westcott	Westcott	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
6	1893	1893	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Alice gave the Hatter an incredulous look.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:incredulous:x2:1
# text = Alice gave the Hatter an incredulous look.
1	Alice	Alice	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	Hatter	Hatter	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	incredulous	incredulous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	look	look	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | past | Alice | a incredulous look | the Hatter |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent hatter=Recipient look=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«A talking toad?» said the boy, incredulous.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:incredulous:x3:1
# text = «A talking toad?» said the boy, incredulous.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	talking	talking	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	toad	toad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
7	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	boy	boy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
11	incredulous	incredulous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | a talking toad |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The crowd was incredulous when the small team won.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:incredulous:x4:1
# text = The crowd was incredulous when the small team won.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	crowd	crowd	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	incredulous	incredulous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	9	mark	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	team	team	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
9	won	win	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the crowd |  |  |  |  | incredulous *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **win** | past | the small team |  |  |  |  |  | vn succeed-74-2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She listened with an incredulous smile.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:incredulous:x5:1
# text = She listened with an incredulous smile.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	listened	listen	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	incredulous	incredulous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	smile	smile	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **listen** | past | She |  |  |  |  | with a incredulous smile | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Mum was incredulous that I had tidied my room.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:incredulous:x6:1
# text = Mum was incredulous that I had tidied my room.
1	Mum	mum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	incredulous	incredulous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
5	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
6	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
7	tidied	tidy	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	_
8	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	room	room	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | Mum |  |  |  |  | incredulous *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **tidy** | past · perfect | I | my room |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Rat stared at Toad, incredulous.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:incredulous:x7:1
# text = The Rat stared at Toad, incredulous.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Rat	Rat	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	stared	stare	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	at	at	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	Toad	Toad	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	incredulous	incredulous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stare** | past | the Rat |  |  |  |  | at Toad | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent at toad=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He shook his head, incredulous.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:incredulous:x8:1
# text = He shook his head, incredulous.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	shook	shake	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	head	head	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
6	incredulous	incredulous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shake** | past | He | his head |  |  |  |  | vn shake-22.3-2 «NP V NP together»: agent=Agent head=Patient |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
But Penelope, still incredulous, determined to put him to a sure test.

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:incredulous:x9:1
# text = But Penelope, still incredulous, determined to put him to a sure test.
1	But	but	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
2	Penelope	Penelope	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
4	still	still	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	incredulous	incredulous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	determined	determined	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	put	put	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	xcomp	_	_
10	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	obj	_	_
11	to	to	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	sure	sure	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	test	test	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **put** | to-infinitive |  |  | Penelope |  |  | to a sure test | vn invest-13.5.4-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent he=Goal |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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