---
title: infer — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «infer» in the Judaism dictionary: To work out something that is not said directly, using clues and what you already know. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# infer

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** you, we, she, Detectives, I, Mum · **What happens:** work out, not say, use, know, reach, infer · **To what, where:** something, clues, conclusion, facts, red eyes, picture · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«infer» in the Judaism dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 5 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [infer in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/infer.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To work out something that is not said directly, using clues and what you already know.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:infer:m1:1
# text = To work out something that is not said directly, using clues and what you already know.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	work	work	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	out	out	ADP	RP	_	2	compound:prt	_	_
4	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
5	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj:pass	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux:pass	_	_
7	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	8	advmod	_	_
8	said	say	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl:relcl	_	_
9	directly	directly	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
11	using	use	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
12	clues	clue	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obj	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	11	conj	_	_
15	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	17	nsubj	_	_
16	already	already	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	_
17	know	know	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **work out** | to-infinitive |  | something |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Topic |
| 2 | **not** **say** *speech: assert* | present · passive |  |  |  |  |  | directly *property* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: subject=Topic |
| 3 | **use** | gerund |  | clues |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent clue=Patient |
| 4 | **know** | present | you |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To reach a conclusion from facts or reasoning.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:infer:m2:1
# text = To reach a conclusion from facts or reasoning.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	reach	reach	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	conclusion	conclusion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	from	from	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	facts	fact	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	reasoning	reasoning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **reach** | to-infinitive |  | a conclusion |  | facts or reasoning |  |  | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent conclusion=Theme from fact=Source |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
From her red eyes, we can infer that she had been crying.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:infer:x1:1
# text = From her red eyes, we can infer that she had been crying.
1	From	from	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
3	red	red	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	eyes	eye	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
7	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
8	infer	infer	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
9	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	13	mark	_	_
10	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
11	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux	_	_
12	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	13	aux	_	_
13	crying	cry	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	8	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **infer** | can | we |  |  | her red eyes |  |  | vn deduce-97.2 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent from eye=Source |
| 2 | **cry** *speech: express* | past · perfect · progressive | she |  |  |  |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
What can you infer about the weather from the picture?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:infer:x2:1
# text = What can you infer about the weather from the picture?
1	What	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	4	obj	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
4	infer	infer	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	about	about	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	weather	weather	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
8	from	from	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	picture	picture	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **infer** | can | you |  |  | the picture |  | about the weather | vn deduce-97.2 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent what=Theme from picture=Source |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Detectives infer who did it from clues.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:infer:x3:1
# text = Detectives infer who did it from clues.
1	Detectives	detective	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	infer	infer	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	4	nsubj	_	_
4	did	do	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	ccomp	_	_
5	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	obj	_	_
6	from	from	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	clues	clue	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **infer** | present | Detectives |  |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **do** | past |  | it |  | clues |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Eventuality |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I inferred that Mum was cross because she slammed the door.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:infer:x4:1
# text = I inferred that Mum was cross because she slammed the door.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	inferred	infer	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
4	Mum	mum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
5	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
6	cross	cross	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	ccomp	_	_
7	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
8	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	slammed	slam	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	advcl	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	door	door	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **infer** | past | I |  |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | past | Mum |  |  |  |  | cross *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **slam** | past | she | the door |  |  |  |  | vn spank-18.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent door=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Scientists infer what dinosaurs ate from their teeth.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:infer:x5:1
# text = Scientists infer what dinosaurs ate from their teeth.
1	Scientists	scientist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	infer	infer	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	5	obj	_	_
4	dinosaurs	dinosaur	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
5	ate	eat	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	ccomp	_	_
6	from	from	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	teeth	tooth	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **infer** | present | Scientists |  |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **eat** | past | dinosaurs |  |  | dinosaurs's teeth |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent what=Patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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