---
title: infringement — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «infringement» in the Judaism dictionary: An infringement is breaking a rule, law or promise. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# infringement

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** infringement, Copyright infringement liability, rules, Breaking, She, vow · **What happens:** break, be, punish, infringe, vow, rule · **To what, where:** rule, infringement, speed limit

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«infringement» in the Judaism dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 5 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [infringement in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/infringement.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An infringement is breaking a rule, law or promise.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:infringement:m1:1
# text = An infringement is breaking a rule, law or promise.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	infringement	infringement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	breaking	break	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	rule	rule	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	law	law	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	promise	promise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **break** | present · progressive | a infringement | a rule  law or promise |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer rule=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Copyright infringement liability can be quite severe. (Sefer Yetzirah, Westcott 1893)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Copyright infringement liability can be quite severe.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:infringement:x1:1
# text = Copyright infringement liability can be quite severe.
1	Copyright	copyright	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
2	infringement	infringement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	liability	liability	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
4	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
5	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	cop	_	_
6	quite	quite	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	severe	severe	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | can | Copyright infringement liability |  |  |  |  | severe *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Sefer Yetzirah, Westcott 1893)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:infringement:x1:2
# text = (Sefer Yetzirah, Westcott 1893)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Sefer	Sefer	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	Yetzirah	Yetzirah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	Westcott	Westcott	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
6	1893	1893	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Any infringement of the rules was punished.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:infringement:x2:1
# text = Any infringement of the rules was punished.
1	Any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	det	_	_
2	infringement	infringement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	rules	rule	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
6	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	punished	punish	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **punish** | past · passive |  | any infringement of the rules |  |  |  |  | vn prosecute-33.2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |
| 2 | **infringe** |  | the rules |  |  |  |  |  | nom infringement «act intransitive»: of=agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Breaking the speed limit is an infringement.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:infringement:x3:1
# text = Breaking the speed limit is an infringement.
1	Breaking	break	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	7	csubj	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	speed	speed	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	limit	limit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
6	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	infringement	infringement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **break** | gerund |  | the speed limit |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer limit=Patient |
| 2 | **is a** | present | Breaking | a infringement |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She punished every infringement of her vow.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:infringement:x4:1
# text = She punished every infringement of her vow.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	punished	punish	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	4	det	_	_
4	infringement	infringement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	vow	vow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **punish** | past | She | every infringement of her vow |  |  |  |  | vn prosecute-33.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent infringement=Patient |
| 2 | **infringe** |  | her vow |  |  |  |  |  | nom infringement «act intransitive»: of=agent |
| 3 | **vow** |  | her *= she* |  |  |  |  |  | nom vow «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Cheating is an infringement of the game's rules.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:infringement:x5:1
# text = Cheating is an infringement of the game's rules.
1	Cheating	cheating	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	infringement	infringement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	game	game	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	's	's	PART	POS	_	7	case	_	_
9	rules	rule	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Cheating | a infringement |  |  |  | of the game's rules | tree rules |
| 2 | **rule** |  | the game |  |  |  |  |  | nom rule «cognition intransitive»: poss=agent |

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**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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