---
title: labor — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «labor» in the Judaism dictionary: Noun: hard work, especially physical work. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# labor

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Verb, people, He, third letter, We, mice · **What happens:** work, do, produce, crown, combine, form · **To what, where:** work, Yod, Virgo, world, way, one third · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«labor» in the Judaism dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [labor in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/labor.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Noun: hard work, especially physical work.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:labor:m1:1
# text = Noun: hard work, especially physical work.
1	Noun	noun	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	4	punct	_	_
3	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	work	work	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	especially	especially	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
7	physical	physical	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	work	work	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Verb: to work hard at a task.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:labor:m2:1
# text = Verb: to work hard at a task.
1	Verb	verb	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	4	punct	_	_
3	to	to	PART	TO	_	4	mark	_	_
4	work	work	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	hard	hard	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	4	advmod	_	_
6	at	at	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	task	task	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **work** | to-infinitive | Verb |  |  |  |  | at a task; hard *property* | vn employment-95.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent at task=Theme |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Noun: workers, the people who do the work.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:labor:m3:1
# text = Noun: workers, the people who do the work.
1	Noun	noun	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	3	punct	_	_
3	workers	worker	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	appos	_	_
7	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
8	do	do	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	acl:relcl	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	work	work	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do** | present | the people | the work |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent work=Eventuality |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He produced Yod, predominant in Labor, crowned, combined, and formed Virgo in the world, Elul in the year, and the left hand of man. (Sefer Yetzirah, Westcott 1887)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* He produced Yod, predominant in Labor, crowned, combined, and formed Virgo in the world, Elul in the year, and the left hand of man.

<!-- fold The tree, 24 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:labor:x1:1
# text = He produced Yod, predominant in Labor, crowned, combined, and formed Virgo in the world, Elul in the year, and the left hand of man.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	produced	produce	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	Yod	Yod	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	predominant	predominant	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Labor	Labor	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
9	crowned	crown	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
11	combined	combine	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	formed	form	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
15	Virgo	Virgo	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	obj	_	_
16	in	in	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	world	world	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
20	Elul	Elul	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	appos	_	_
21	in	in	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	year	year	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	28	punct	_	_
25	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	28	cc	_	_
26	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
27	left	left	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	28	amod	_	_
28	hand	hand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
29	of	of	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
30	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **produce** | past | He | Yod |  |  |  | the left hand of man *obl*; predominant *property* | vn create-26.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent yod=Result |
| 2 | **crown** | participle | He *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn appoint-29.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **combine** | participle | He *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn mix-22.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient |
| 4 | **form** | past | He *not said here* | Virgo |  | the world | year |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location virgo=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Sefer Yetzirah, Westcott 1887)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:labor:x1:2
# text = (Sefer Yetzirah, Westcott 1887)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Sefer	Sefer	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	Yetzirah	Yetzirah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	Westcott	Westcott	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
6	1887	1887	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In this way two-thirds of the labor otherwise necessary is saved, for adding the third letter is only one third of the labor required to produce all the triliteral combinations. (Mordell, The Origin of Letters and Numerals according to Sefer Yetzirah (1914))

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* In this way two-thirds of the labor otherwise necessary is saved, for adding the third letter is only one third of the labor required to produce all the triliteral combinations.

<!-- fold The tree, 31 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:labor:x2:1
# text = In this way two-thirds of the labor otherwise necessary is saved, for adding the third letter is only one third of the labor required to produce all the triliteral combinations.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	3	det	_	_
3	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	_
4	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	thirds	third	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	appos	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	labor	labor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
10	otherwise	otherwise	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
11	necessary	necessary	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
12	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux:pass	_	_
13	saved	save	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
15	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	16	mark	_	_
16	adding	add	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	13	advcl	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
18	third	third	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	19	amod	_	_
19	letter	letter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nsubj	_	_
20	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	23	cop	_	_
21	only	only	ADV	RB	_	23	advmod	_	_
22	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	23	nummod	_	_
23	third	third	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	ccomp	_	_
24	of	of	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
25	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	labor	labor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nmod	_	_
27	required	require	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	26	acl	_	_
28	to	to	PART	TO	_	29	mark	_	_
29	produce	produce	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	27	xcomp	_	_
30	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	33	det:predet	_	_
31	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	33	det	_	_
32	triliteral	triliteral	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	33	amod	_	_
33	combinations	combination	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	29	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **save** | present · passive |  |  |  | this way |  |  | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP» |
| 2 | **add** *speech: assert* | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient |
| 3 | **is a** | present | the third letter | one third |  |  |  | of the labor | tree rules |
| 4 | **require** | participle |  | the labor *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn require-103-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Theme clause=Precondition |
| 5 | **produce** | to-infinitive |  | all triliteral combinations |  |  |  |  | vn create-26.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent combination=Result |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Mordell, The Origin of Letters and Numerals according to Sefer Yetzirah (1914))

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:labor:x2:2
# text = (Mordell, The Origin of Letters and Numerals according to Sefer Yetzirah (1914))
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Mordell	Mordell	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
4	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	Origin	Origin	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Letters	letter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	Numerals	numeral	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	conj	_	_
10	according	accord	VERB	VBG	ExtPos=ADP|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	12	case	_	_
11	to	to	ADP	IN	_	10	fixed	_	_
12	Sefer	Sefer	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
13	Yetzirah	Yetzirah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	flat	_	_
14	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	1914	1914	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	2	list	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	))	))	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **accord** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn future\_having-13.3 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We put our labor into the garden.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:labor:x3:1
# text = We put our labor into the garden.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	put	put	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	labor	labor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	into	into	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	garden	garden	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **put** | past | We | our labor |  | the garden |  |  | vn invest-13.5.4-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent labor=Goal |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
All our labor was lost.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:labor:x4:1
# text = All our labor was lost.
1	All	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	3	det:predet	_	_
2	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	labor	labor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	lost	lose	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lose** | past · passive |  | our labor |  |  |  |  | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Eventuality |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The mice ran about and labored at the hole.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:labor:x5:1
# text = The mice ran about and labored at the hole.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	mice	mouse	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	ran	run	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	about	about	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	labored	labor	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	conj	_	_
7	at	at	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	hole	hole	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **run about** | past | the mice |  |  |  |  | about *property* | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **labor** | participle | the mice *not said here* |  |  |  |  | at the hole | vn work-73.2 «NP V PP.theme S\_ING»: agent=Agent at hole=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The farm needs more labor at harvest time.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:labor:x6:1
# text = The farm needs more labor at harvest time.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	farm	farm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	needs	need	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	5	amod	_	_
5	labor	labor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	at	at	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	harvest	harvest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **need** | present | the farm | more labor |  |  | at harvest time |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot labor=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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