---
title: lamentation — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «lamentation» in the Judaism dictionary: Loud crying and sad words because of grief or loss. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# lamentation

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Lamentations, you, thou, priests, widows, Toad · **What happens:** be, take up, fall, make, weep, fling down · **To what, where:** book, thou, lamentation, Toad, bitter lamentation, church

<!-- .vabout -->
«lamentation» in the Judaism dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 10 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [lamentation in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/lamentation.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Loud crying and sad words because of grief or loss.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lamentation:m1:1
# text = Loud crying and sad words because of grief or loss.
1	Loud	loud	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	crying	crying	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
4	sad	sad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	conj	_	_
6	because	because	ADP	IN	ExtPos=ADP	8	case	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	fixed	_	_
8	grief	grief	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	loss	loss	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: Bible — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Lamentations is a book of the Bible: sad poems about the fall of Jerusalem.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lamentation:m2:1
# text = Lamentations is a book of the Bible: sad poems about the fall of Jerusalem.
1	Lamentations	lamentation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	book	book	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	Bible	Bible	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
9	sad	sad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	poems	poem	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	appos	_	_
11	about	about	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	fall	fall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	Jerusalem	Jerusalem	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Lamentations | a book |  |  |  | of the Bible | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Moreover, take thou up a lamentation for the princes of Israel, (Prophets EZK.19.1, JPS 1917)

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lamentation:x1:1
# text = Moreover, take thou up a lamentation for the princes of Israel, (Prophets EZK.19.1, JPS 1917)
1	Moreover	moreover	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	take	take	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	thou	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	3	obj	_	_
5	up	up	ADP	RP	_	3	compound:prt	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	lamentation	lamentation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
8	for	for	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	princes	prince	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	Israel	Israel	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
14	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	Prophets	prophet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	appos	_	_
16	EZK.19.1	EZK.19.1	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	15	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
18	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	16	flat	_	_
19	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	16	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	15	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take up** | imperative | you *not said here* | thou |  |  |  | for the princes of Israel; moreover *property* | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP ADVP»: agent=Instrument thou=Theme lamentation=Destination |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
'And thou, son of man, take up a lamentation for Tyre, (Prophets EZK.27.2, JPS 1917)

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lamentation:x2:1
# text = 'And thou, son of man, take up a lamentation for Tyre, (Prophets EZK.27.2, JPS 1917)
1	'	'	PUNCT	``	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	thou	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	9	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	son	son	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
9	take	take	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	up	up	ADP	RP	_	9	compound:prt	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	lamentation	lamentation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
13	for	for	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	Tyre	Tyre	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
16	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	Prophets	prophet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl	_	_
18	EZK.27.2	EZK.27.2	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	17	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
20	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	flat	_	_
21	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	18	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	18	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take up** | infinitive | thou | a lamentation |  |  |  | for Tyre; Prophets *obl* | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent lamentation=Theme for tyre=Beneficiary |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Their priests fell by the sword; and their widows made no lamentation. (Writings PSA.78.64, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Their priests fell by the sword; and their widows made no lamentation.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lamentation:x3:1
# text = Their priests fell by the sword; and their widows made no lamentation.
1	Their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	priests	priest	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	fell	fall	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	sword	sword	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
9	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	widows	widow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj	_	_
11	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
12	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	13	det	_	_
13	lamentation	lamentation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fall** | past | Their priests |  |  |  |  | by the sword | vn occur-48.3 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme by sword=Location |
| 2 | **make** | past | priests's widows | no lamentation |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent lamentation=Product |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Writings PSA.78.64, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lamentation:x3:2
# text = (Writings PSA.78.64, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Writings	writing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	PSA.78.64	PSA.78.64	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There was weeping and lamentation in the city.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lamentation:x4:1
# text = There was weeping and lamentation in the city.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	was	be	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	weeping	weep	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	xcomp	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	lamentation	lamentation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | past |  |  |  | there |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **weep** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | in the city | vn nonverbal\_expression-40.2 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent in city=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Toad flung himself down in bitter lamentation.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lamentation:x5:1
# text = Toad flung himself down in bitter lamentation.
1	Toad	Toad	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	flung	fling	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	himself	himself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	2	obj	_	_
4	down	down	ADP	RP	_	2	compound:prt	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	bitter	bitter	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	lamentation	lamentation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fling down** | past | Toad | Toad |  | bitter lamentation |  |  | vn throw-17.1-1 «NP V NP PP.destinations»: agent=Agent himself=Theme in lamentation=Destination |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The lamentations of the mourners filled the church.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lamentation:x6:1
# text = The lamentations of the mourners filled the church.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	lamentations	lamentation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	mourners	mourner	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
6	filled	fill	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	church	church	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fill** | past | the lamentations of the mourners | the church |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent church=Patient |
| 2 | **lament** |  |  | the mourners |  |  |  |  | nom lamentation «communication transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Book of Lamentations is in the Old Testament.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lamentation:x7:1
# text = The Book of Lamentations is in the Old Testament.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Book	Book	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	Lamentations	Lamentation	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	Old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	Testament	Testament	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the Book of Lamentations |  |  | the Old Testament |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Her lamentations over the broken vase went on all day.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lamentation:x8:1
# text = Her lamentations over the broken vase went on all day.
1	Her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	lamentations	lamentation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
3	over	over	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	broken	break	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	amod	_	_
6	vase	vase	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
7	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	on	on	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	10	det	_	_
10	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **break** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **go** | past | Her lamentations over the broken vase |  |  |  | day |  | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **lament** |  | Her *= she* |  |  | the broken vase |  |  | nom lamentation «communication transitive»: poss=agent over=place |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The poem is a lamentation for a lost friend.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lamentation:x9:1
# text = The poem is a lamentation for a lost friend.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	poem	poem	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	lamentation	lamentation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	lost	lose	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	amod	_	_
9	friend	friend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the poem | a lamentation |  |  |  | for a lost friend | tree rules |
| 2 | **lose** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 10 {#x10}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
At this story the parents redoubled their lamentations.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lamentation:x10:1
# text = At this story the parents redoubled their lamentations.
1	At	at	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	3	det	_	_
3	story	story	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	parents	parent	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
6	redoubled	redouble	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	lamentations	lamentation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **redouble** | past | the parents | parents's lamentations |  | this story |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent lamentation=Patient |
| 2 | **lament** |  | parents *= parent* |  |  |  |  |  | nom lamentation «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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