---
title: lifeless — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «lifeless» in the Judaism dictionary: Lifeless means dead, or never having had life. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# lifeless

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Lifeless, it, Hebrew Bible, Genesis, bird, Mars · **What happens:** mean, not have, capture, תֹהוּ, translate, lie · **To what, where:** life, dull energy, Most, English, וָבֹהוּ, grass

<!-- .vabout -->
«lifeless» in the Judaism dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [lifeless in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/lifeless.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Lifeless means dead, or never having had life.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lifeless:m1:1
# text = Lifeless means dead, or never having had life.
1	Lifeless	lifeless	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	dead	dead	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
6	never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	8	advmod	_	_
7	having	have	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	8	aux	_	_
8	had	have	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	2	parataxis	_	_
9	life	life	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Lifeless |  |  |  |  | dead *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **not** **have** | gerund · perfect |  | life |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent life=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Lifeless means with no living things, like a lifeless planet.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lifeless:m2:1
# text = Lifeless means with no living things, like a lifeless planet.
1	Lifeless	lifeless	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	6	det	_	_
5	living	living	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
8	like	like	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	lifeless	lifeless	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	planet	planet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Lifeless |  |  |  |  | with no living things like a lifeless planet | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Lifeless can mean dull, without energy or excitement.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lifeless:m3:1
# text = Lifeless can mean dull, without energy or excitement.
1	Lifeless	lifeless	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	mean	mean	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	dull	dull	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	without	without	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	energy	energy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	excitement	excitement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | can | Lifeless | dull energy or excitement |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent energy=Topic |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Most literally, it means ‘waste(land)’, the lifeless open desert, a translation of \[Genesis 1:2\] so far captured in English only by Robert Alter’s The Hebrew Bible (2019), who poetically renders תֹהוּ וָבֹהוּ tohu vavohu as “waste and welter”; cf. (Sefer Yetzirah, Sefaria community translation)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Most literally, it means ‘waste(land)’, the lifeless open desert, a translation of \[Genesis 1:2\] so far captured in English only by Robert Alter’s The Hebrew Bible (2019), who poetically renders תֹהוּ וָבֹהוּ tohu vavohu as “waste and welter”; cf.

<!-- fold The tree, 41 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lifeless:x1:1
# text = Most literally, it means ‘waste(land)’, the lifeless open desert, a translation of [Genesis 1:2] so far captured in English only by Robert Alter’s The Hebrew Bible (2019), who poetically renders תֹהוּ וָבֹהוּ tohu vavohu as “waste and welter”; cf.
1	Most	most	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	5	obl	_	_
2	literally	literally	ADV	RB	_	1	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
4	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	‘	'	PUNCT	``	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	waste	waste	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	’	'	PUNCT	''	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
14	lifeless	lifeless	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
15	open	open	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	desert	desert	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
18	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	translation	translation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	conj	_	_
20	of	of	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	[	[	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	22	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	Genesis	Genesis	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	nmod	_	_
23	1:2	1:2	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	22	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	]	]	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	16	punct	_	_
25	so	so	ADV	RB	_	27	advmod	_	_
26	far	far	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	27	advmod	_	_
27	captured	capture	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	parataxis	_	_
28	in	in	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
29	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	27	obl	_	_
30	only	only	ADV	RB	_	32	advmod	_	_
31	by	by	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
32	Robert	Robert	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	27	obl:agent	_	_
33	Alter	Alter	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	32	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	’s	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	32	acl:relcl	_	_
35	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	37	det	_	_
36	Hebrew	Hebrew	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	37	compound	_	_
37	Bible	Bible	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	34	obj	_	_
38	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	39	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
39	2019	2019	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	37	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
40	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	39	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
41	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	45	punct	_	_
42	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	45	nsubj	_	_
43	poetically	poetically	ADV	RB	_	45	advmod	_	_
44	renders	render	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	45	nsubj	_	_
45	תֹהוּ	תֹהוּ	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	37	conj	_	_
46	וָבֹהוּ	וָבֹהוּ	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	45	obj	_	_
47	tohu	tohu	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	46	flat:foreign	_	_
48	vavohu	vavohu	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	46	flat:foreign	_	_
49	as	as	ADP	IN	_	51	case	_	_
50	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	51	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
51	waste	waste	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	45	obl	_	_
52	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	53	cc	_	_
53	welter	welter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	51	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
54	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	45	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
55	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	56	punct	_	_
56	cf	cf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
57	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | it | Most |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent waste=Topic |
| 2 | **capture** | participle |  |  |  | English |  | far *property* | vn steal-10.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **תֹהוּ** | present | the Hebrew Bible | וָבֹהוּ |  |  |  | as waste and welter; poetically *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **translate** |  | Genesis |  |  |  |  |  | nom translation «communication intransitive»: of=agent |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Sefer Yetzirah, Sefaria community translation)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lifeless:x1:2
# text = (Sefer Yetzirah, Sefaria community translation)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Sefer	Sefer	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	Yetzirah	Yetzirah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
5	Sefaria	Sefaria	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
6	community	community	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	translation	translation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The bird lay lifeless on the grass.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lifeless:x2:1
# text = The bird lay lifeless on the grass.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	bird	bird	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	lay	lie	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	lifeless	lifeless	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	3	advmod	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	grass	grass	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lie** | past | the bird |  |  | the grass |  | lifeless *property* | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on grass=Location |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Mars seems to be a lifeless planet.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lifeless:x3:1
# text = Mars seems to be a lifeless planet.
1	Mars	Mars	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	seems	seem	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
4	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	lifeless	lifeless	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	planet	planet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **seem** | present | Mars |  |  |  |  |  | vn seem-109-1-1-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **is a** | to-infinitive | Mars *not said here* | a lifeless planet |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The desert looked lifeless, but many animals hid under the sand.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lifeless:x4:1
# text = The desert looked lifeless, but many animals hid under the sand.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	desert	desert	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	looked	look	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	lifeless	lifeless	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
6	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
7	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj	_	_
9	hid	hide	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
10	under	under	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	sand	sand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **look** | past | the desert |  |  |  |  | lifeless *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus |
| 2 | **hide** | past | many animals |  |  | the sand |  |  | vn concealment-16-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent under sand=Location |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Her voice was flat and lifeless.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lifeless:x5:1
# text = Her voice was flat and lifeless.
1	Her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	voice	voice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	flat	flat	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	lifeless	lifeless	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | Her voice |  |  |  |  | flat *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  | Her voice *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The doll's lifeless eyes stared at me.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lifeless:x6:1
# text = The doll's lifeless eyes stared at me.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	doll	doll	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	lifeless	lifeless	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	eyes	eye	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
6	stared	stare	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	at	at	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stare** | past | the doll's lifeless eyes |  |  |  |  | at me | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent at i=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Add more detail so your story isn't lifeless.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lifeless:x7:1
# text = Add more detail so your story isn't lifeless.
1	Add	add	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	3	amod	_	_
3	detail	detail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	so	so	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
5	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	story	story	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	9	advmod	_	_
9	lifeless	lifeless	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **add** *speech: assert* | imperative | you *not said here* | more detail |  |  |  |  | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent detail=Patient |
| 2 | **not** **is** | present | your story |  |  |  |  | lifeless *property* | tree rules |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He sat lifeless on the steps.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lifeless:x8:1
# text = He sat lifeless on the steps.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	sat	sit	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	lifeless	lifeless	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	steps	step	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sit** | past | He |  |  |  |  | on the steps; lifeless *property* | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on step=Location |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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