---
title: literal — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «literal» in the Judaism dictionary: Taking words in their most basic, exact meaning, not as a joke or figure of speech. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# literal

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** words, letter, group, signification, level, four winds · **What happens:** take, mean, figure, translate, use, not exaggerate · **To what, where:** words, most basic exact meaning, speech, number, numerical signification, wind

<!-- .vabout -->
«literal» in the Judaism dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 10 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [literal in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/literal.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Taking words in their most basic, exact meaning, not as a joke or figure of speech.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:literal:m1:1
# text = Taking words in their most basic, exact meaning, not as a joke or figure of speech.
1	Taking	take	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
4	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
5	most	most	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	9	amod	_	_
6	basic	basic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
8	exact	exact	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	meaning	meaning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
11	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	14	advmod	_	_
12	as	as	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	joke	joke	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
15	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	figure	figure	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	conj	_	_
17	of	of	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	speech	speech	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | gerund |  | words |  | words's most basic exact meaning |  | as a joke or figure of speech | vn characterize-29.2 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent word=Theme as joke=Attribute |
| 2 | **mean** |  | words *= word* |  |  |  |  |  | nom meaning «communication transitive»: poss=agent |
| 3 | **figure** |  |  | speech |  |  |  |  | nom figure «communication transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Translated word for word.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:literal:m2:1
# text = Translated word for word.
1	Translated	translate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	amod	_	_
2	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	for	for	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **translate** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn turn-26.6.1 «NP V»: agent=Patient |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: informal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Used for real, not exaggerated.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:literal:m3:1
# text = Used for real, not exaggerated.
1	Used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
2	for	for	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	real	real	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	6	advmod	_	_
6	exaggerated	exaggerate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | for real | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **not** **exaggerate** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
tion of numbers and letters ; every letter suggesting a 'number, and every group of letters having a numerical signification, as vital as its literal meaning. (Sefer Yetzirah, Westcott 1893)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* tion of numbers and letters ; every letter suggesting a 'number, and every group of letters having a numerical signification, as vital as its literal meaning.

<!-- fold The tree, 25 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:literal:x1:1
# text = tion of numbers and letters ; every letter suggesting a 'number, and every group of letters having a numerical signification, as vital as its literal meaning.
1	tion	tion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	numbers	number	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	nmod	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	letters	letter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	conj	_	_
6	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	8	punct	_	_
7	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	8	det	_	_
8	letter	letter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	conj	_	_
9	suggesting	suggest	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	acl	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	'	'	PUNCT	``	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	number	number	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
15	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	16	det	_	_
16	group	group	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	appos	_	_
17	of	of	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	letters	letter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	nmod	_	_
19	having	have	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	16	acl	_	_
20	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
21	numerical	numerical	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	signification	signification	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
24	as	as	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
25	vital	vital	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	conj	_	_
26	as	as	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
27	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	29	nmod:poss	_	_
28	literal	literal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	29	amod	_	_
29	meaning	meaning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **suggest** *speech: suggest* | gerund | every letter *not said here* | a number |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent number=Topic |
| 2 | **have** | gerund | every group of letters *not said here* | a numerical signification |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent signification=Patient |
| 3 | **mean** |  | signification |  |  |  |  |  | nom meaning «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Sefer Yetzirah, Westcott 1893)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:literal:x1:2
# text = (Sefer Yetzirah, Westcott 1893)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Sefer	Sefer	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	Yetzirah	Yetzirah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	Westcott	Westcott	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
6	1893	1893	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
But on the most literal level, it means ‘wind’, as in the אַרְבָּע רוּחוֹת arbaʽ ruchot ‘four winds’ corresponding to the four cardinal directions, and is also conjured in the verb הֵרִיחַ heriach ‘to smell, breathe in (with the nostrils)’. (Sefer Yetzirah, Sefaria community translation)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* But on the most literal level, it means ‘wind’, as in the אַרְבָּע רוּחוֹת arbaʽ ruchot ‘four winds’ corresponding to the four cardinal directions, and is also conjured in the verb הֵרִיחַ heriach ‘to smell, breathe in (with the nostrils)’.

<!-- fold The tree, 39 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:literal:x2:1
# text = But on the most literal level, it means ‘wind’, as in the אַרְבָּע רוּחוֹת arbaʽ ruchot ‘four winds’ corresponding to the four cardinal directions, and is also conjured in the verb הֵרִיחַ heriach ‘to smell, breathe in (with the nostrils)’.
1	But	but	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
2	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
4	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	5	advmod	_	_
5	literal	literal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	level	level	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	‘	'	PUNCT	``	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	wind	wind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	’	'	PUNCT	''	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
14	as	as	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
15	in	in	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
17	אַרְבָּע	אַרְבָּע	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	compound	_	_
18	רוּחוֹת	רוּחוֹת	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	_
19	arbaʽ	arbaʽ	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	ruchot	ruchot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nmod	_	_
21	‘	'	PUNCT	``	_	23	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	four	four	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	23	nummod	_	_
23	winds	wind	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	’	'	PUNCT	''	_	23	punct	_	_
25	corresponding	correspond	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	23	acl	_	_
26	to	to	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	30	det	_	_
28	four	four	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	30	nummod	_	_
29	cardinal	cardinal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	compound	_	_
30	directions	direction	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	25	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	35	punct	_	_
32	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	35	cc	_	_
33	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	35	aux:pass	_	_
34	also	also	ADV	RB	_	35	advmod	_	_
35	conjured	conjure	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	parataxis	_	_
36	in	in	ADP	IN	_	38	case	_	_
37	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	38	det	_	_
38	verb	verb	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	35	obl	_	_
39	הֵרִיחַ	הֵרִיחַ	PUNCT	,	_	40	punct	_	_
40	heriach	heriach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	38	conj	_	_
41	‘	'	PUNCT	``	_	43	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
42	to	to	PART	TO	_	43	mark	_	_
43	smell	smell	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	35	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
44	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	45	punct	_	_
45	breathe	breathe	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	43	conj	_	_
46	in	in	ADV	RB	_	45	advmod	_	_
47	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	50	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
48	with	with	ADP	IN	_	50	case	_	_
49	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	50	det	_	_
50	nostrils	nostril	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	45	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
51	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	50	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
52	’	'	PUNCT	''	_	43	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
53	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | level | wind and the אַרְבָּע רוּחוֹת arbaʽ ruchot and four winds |  | the literal level |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent wind=Topic |
| 2 | **correspond** | gerund | four winds *not said here* |  |  |  |  | to the four cardinal directions | vn correspond-36.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **conjure** | present · passive |  |  |  | the verb and heriach |  |  | vn create-26.4-1-1 «NP V» |
| 4 | **smell** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn smell\_emission-43.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 5 | **breathe in** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Sefer Yetzirah, Sefaria community translation)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:literal:x2:2
# text = (Sefer Yetzirah, Sefaria community translation)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Sefer	Sefer	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	Yetzirah	Yetzirah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
5	Sefaria	Sefaria	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
6	community	community	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	translation	translation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Out of four letters 24 quadri- literal words are formed as: nJ3K, J13K, i3:iK, 2T,), i2iH, 3jnx, (Mordell, The Origin of Letters and Numerals according to Sefer Yetzirah (1914))

<!-- fold The tree, 30 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:literal:x3:1
# text = Out of four letters 24 quadri- literal words are formed as: nJ3K, J13K, i3:iK, 2T,), i2iH, 3jnx, (Mordell, The Origin of Letters and Numerals according to Sefer Yetzirah (1914))
1	Out	out	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	four	four	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	letters	letter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obl	_	_
5	24	24	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	9	nummod	_	_
6	quadri	quadri	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	6	punct	_	_
8	literal	literal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj:pass	_	_
10	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux:pass	_	_
11	formed	form	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
12	as	as	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	14	punct	_	_
14	nJ3K	nj3k	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing|NumForm=Combi|NumType=Ord	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
16	J13K	J13K	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
18	i3:iK	i3:ik	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing|NumForm=Combi|NumType=Ord	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
20	2T	2t	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing|NumForm=Combi|NumType=Ord	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	24	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
24	i2iH	i2ih	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing|NumForm=Combi|NumType=Ord	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
26	3	3	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	27	nummod	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	jnx	jnx	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	30	punct	_	_
29	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	30	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	Mordell	Mordell	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	33	punct	_	_
32	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	33	det	_	_
33	Origin	Origin	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	30	appos	_	_
34	of	of	ADP	IN	_	35	case	_	_
35	Letters	letter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	33	nmod	_	_
36	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	37	cc	_	_
37	Numerals	numeral	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	35	conj	_	_
38	according	accord	VERB	VBG	ExtPos=ADP|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	40	case	_	_
39	to	to	ADP	IN	_	38	fixed	_	_
40	Sefer	Sefer	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	35	nmod	_	_
41	Yetzirah	Yetzirah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	40	flat	_	_
42	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	43	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
43	1914	1914	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	30	list	_	SpaceAfter=No
44	))	))	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	43	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **form** | present · passive |  | 24 quadri literal words |  | four letters |  | as nJ3K and i3:iK and 2T and i2iH and 3 jnx; Mordell *obl* | vn create-26.4 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: subject=Result as nj3k=Attribute |
| 2 | **accord** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn future\_having-13.3 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The literal meaning of "break a leg" is to snap your leg, but it means good luck.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:literal:x4:1
# text = The literal meaning of "break a leg" is to snap your leg, but it means good luck.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	literal	literal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	meaning	meaning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	break	break	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	acl	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	leg	leg	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	6	punct	_	_
10	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	cop	_	_
11	to	to	PART	TO	_	12	mark	_	_
12	snap	snap	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
13	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	14	nmod:poss	_	_
14	leg	leg	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
16	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
17	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	18	nsubj	_	_
18	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	parataxis	_	_
19	good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
20	luck	luck	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	12	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **break** *in a quote* | infinitive | the literal meaning *not said here* | a leg |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer leg=Patient |
| 2 | **is** | present | the literal meaning |  |  |  |  | snap *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **mean** | present | meaning | good luck |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent luck=Topic |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Don't be so literal — it was a joke!

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:literal:x5:1
# text = Don't be so literal — it was a joke!
1	Do	do	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	5	advmod	_	_
3	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	cop	_	_
4	so	so	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	literal	literal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	advcl	_	_
6	—	-	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
8	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	joke	joke	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **not** **is** | infinitive | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | literal *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **is a** | past | it | a joke |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A literal translation can sound strange in English.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:literal:x6:1
# text = A literal translation can sound strange in English.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	literal	literal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	translation	translation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	sound	sound	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	strange	strange	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	xcomp	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sound** | can | a literal translation |  |  | English |  | strange *property* | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in english=Location |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She took my words literally and really jumped in the lake.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:literal:x7:1
# text = She took my words literally and really jumped in the lake.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	literally	literally	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
7	really	really	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	jumped	jump	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	lake	lake	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | past | She | my words |  |  |  | literally *property* | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent word=Theme |
| 2 | **jump** | past | She *not said here* |  |  | the lake |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in lake=Trajectory |
| 3 | **word** |  | my |  |  |  |  |  | nom word «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In a literal sense, "breakfast" means breaking a fast.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:literal:x8:1
# text = In a literal sense, "breakfast" means breaking a fast.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	literal	literal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	sense	sense	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	breakfast	breakfast	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	7	punct	_	_
9	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	breaking	break	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	9	xcomp	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	fast	fast	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | breakfast |  |  | a literal sense |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **break** *not said to happen* | gerund | breakfast *not said here* | a fast |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer fast=Patient |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The literal truth is that we lost five to nil.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:literal:x9:1
# text = The literal truth is that we lost five to nil.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	literal	literal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	truth	truth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
5	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
6	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	lost	lose	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	five	five	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	7	obj	_	_
9	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
10	nil	nil	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the literal truth |  |  |  |  | lose *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **nil** | to-infinitive | the literal truth *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 10 {#x10}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The stories are not literal, or word by word translations, but have been altered in many ways to make them suitable for children.

<!-- fold The tree, 23 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:literal:x10:1
# text = The stories are not literal, or word by word translations, but have been altered in many ways to make them suitable for children.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	stories	story	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	5	advmod	_	_
5	literal	literal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
9	by	by	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	translations	translation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
13	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
14	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	aux	_	_
15	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	16	aux:pass	_	_
16	altered	alter	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	parataxis	_	_
17	in	in	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	ways	way	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	obl	_	_
20	to	to	PART	TO	_	21	mark	_	_
21	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	16	advcl	_	_
22	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	21	obj	_	_
23	suitable	suitable	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	xcomp	_	_
24	for	for	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
25	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	23	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **is** | present | the stories |  |  |  |  | literal *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **alter** | present · perfect · passive |  |  |  | many ways |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V» |
| 3 | **make** | to-infinitive |  | stories *= story* |  |  |  | suitable *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset they=Product |
| 4 | **word** |  | word translations |  |  |  |  |  | nom word «communication transitive»: by=agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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