---
title: lower — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «lower» in the Judaism dictionary: Lower means less high, closer to the ground, or at the bottom of something. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# lower

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Lower, stranger, thou, he, plague, appearance · **What happens:** mean, lower, move down, make, describe, belong · **To what, where:** something, it, voice, social rank, midst, thee · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«lower» in the Judaism dictionary: its 5 meanings for a pupil and its 14 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [lower in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/lower.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Lower means less high, closer to the ground, or at the bottom of something.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lower:m1:1
# text = Lower means less high, closer to the ground, or at the bottom of something.
1	Lower	low	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	less	less	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	4	advmod	_	_
4	high	high	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
6	closer	close	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	2	parataxis	_	_
7	to	to	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
12	at	at	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	bottom	bottom	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	parataxis	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	14	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Lower |  |  |  |  | high *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Lower means smaller in number, amount or level.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lower:m2:1
# text = Lower means smaller in number, amount or level.
1	Lower	low	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	smaller	small	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	2	xcomp	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	number	number	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	amount	amount	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	appos	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	level	level	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Lower |  |  |  |  | small *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To lower something means to move it down.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lower:m3:1
# text = To lower something means to move it down.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	lower	lower	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	csubj	_	_
3	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	move	move	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	xcomp	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	obj	_	_
8	down	down	ADP	RP	_	6	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lower** | to-infinitive |  | something |  |  |  |  | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Theme |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **move down** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  | it |  |  |  |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent it=Theme |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To lower something like a price, sound or voice means to make it less.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lower:m4:1
# text = To lower something like a price, sound or voice means to make it less.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	lower	lower	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	csubj	_	_
3	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	like	like	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	price	price	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	sound	sound	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	voice	voice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
11	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
12	to	to	PART	TO	_	13	mark	_	_
13	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	xcomp	_	_
14	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	obj	_	_
15	less	less	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	13	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lower** | to-infinitive |  | something |  |  |  | like a price and sound or voice | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Theme |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **make** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  | voice |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset it=Product |

## Meaning 5 {#m5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Lower can also describe social rank, meaning belonging to the group of people with less money and power.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lower:m5:1
# text = Lower can also describe social rank, meaning belonging to the group of people with less money and power.
1	Lower	low	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	4	amod	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	also	also	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	describe	describe	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	social	social	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	rank	rank	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	meaning	mean	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	advcl	_	_
9	belonging	belong	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	xcomp	_	_
10	to	to	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	group	group	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nmod	_	_
15	with	with	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	less	less	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	17	amod	_	_
17	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
19	power	power	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **describe** | can |  | social rank |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent rank=Theme |
| 2 | **mean** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **belong** *not said to happen* | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | to the group of people; with less money and power | vn attend-107.4-2 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The stranger that is in the midst of thee shall mount up above thee higher and higher; and thou shalt come down lower and lower. (Torah DEU.28.43, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* The stranger that is in the midst of thee shall mount up above thee higher and higher; and thou shalt come down lower and lower.

<!-- fold The tree, 25 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lower:x1:1
# text = The stranger that is in the midst of thee shall mount up above thee higher and higher; and thou shalt come down lower and lower.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	stranger	stranger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
3	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	midst	midst	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	acl:relcl	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	thee	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	7	nmod	_	_
10	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
11	mount	mount	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
12	up	up	ADP	RP	_	11	compound:prt	_	_
13	above	above	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	thee	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	11	obl	_	_
15	higher	high	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	11	parataxis	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	higher	high	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	15	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
19	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
20	thou	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	22	nsubj	_	_
21	shalt	shall	AUX	MD	Style=Arch|VerbForm=Fin	22	aux	_	_
22	come	come	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	conj	_	_
23	down	down	ADV	RB	_	22	advmod	_	_
24	lower	low	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	22	advmod	_	_
25	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	_
26	lower	low	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	24	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the stranger |  |  | the midst |  | of thee | tree rules |
| 2 | **mount up** | shall | the stranger |  |  | thee |  |  | vn put-9.1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent above thou=Destination |
| 3 | **come down** | shall | thou |  |  |  |  | down *property* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Torah DEU.28.43, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lower:x1:2
# text = (Torah DEU.28.43, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Torah	Torah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	DEU.28.43	DEU.28.43	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And he shall look on the plague, and, behold, if the plague be in the walls of the house with hollow streaks, greenish or reddish, and the appearance thereof be lower than the wall; (Torah LEV.14.37, JPS 1917)

<!-- fold The tree, 38 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lower:x2:1
# text = And he shall look on the plague, and, behold, if the plague be in the walls of the house with hollow streaks, greenish or reddish, and the appearance thereof be lower than the wall; (Torah LEV.14.37, JPS 1917)
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
2	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
3	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	look	look	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	plague	plague	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
11	behold	behold	INTJ	UH	_	4	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
13	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	19	mark	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	plague	plague	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nsubj	_	_
16	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	19	cop	_	_
17	in	in	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	walls	wall	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	conj	_	_
20	of	of	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	house	house	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nmod	_	_
23	with	with	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
24	hollow	hollow	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	25	amod	_	_
25	streaks	streak	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
27	greenish	greenish	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	25	amod	_	_
28	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	29	cc	_	_
29	reddish	reddish	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	27	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	36	punct	_	_
31	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	36	cc	_	_
32	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	33	det	_	_
33	appearance	appearance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	36	nsubj	_	_
34	thereof	thereof	ADV	RB	_	36	advmod	_	_
35	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	36	cop	_	_
36	lower	low	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	27	conj	_	_
37	than	than	ADP	IN	_	39	case	_	_
38	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	39	det	_	_
39	wall	wall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	36	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
40	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	43	punct	_	_
41	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	43	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
42	Torah	Torah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	43	compound	_	_
43	LEV.14.37	LEV.14.37	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
44	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	45	punct	_	_
45	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	43	appos	_	_
46	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	45	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
47	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	45	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **look** | shall | he | Torah LEV.14.37 |  |  |  | on the plague | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent on plague=Theme |
| 2 | **is** *a condition, not said to happen* | infinitive | the plague |  |  | the walls |  | of the house; with hollow streaks | tree rules |
| 3 | **is** | infinitive | the appearance |  |  |  |  | than the wall; low, thereof *property* | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
But if the priest look on it, and, behold, there be no white hairs therein, and it be not lower than the skin, but be dim, then the priest shall shut him up seven days. (Torah LEV.13.21, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* But if the priest look on it, and, behold, there be no white hairs therein, and it be not lower than the skin, but be dim, then the priest shall shut him up seven days.

<!-- fold The tree, 35 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lower:x3:1
# text = But if the priest look on it, and, behold, there be no white hairs therein, and it be not lower than the skin, but be dim, then the priest shall shut him up seven days.
1	But	but	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
2	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	priest	priest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	look	look	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
11	behold	behold	INTJ	UH	_	14	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
13	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	14	expl	_	_
14	be	be	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	conj	_	_
15	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	17	det	_	_
16	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	hairs	hair	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	nsubj	_	_
18	therein	therein	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
20	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
21	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	24	nsubj	_	_
22	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	24	cop	_	_
23	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	24	advmod	_	_
24	lower	low	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	5	conj	_	_
25	than	than	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
26	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
27	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	31	punct	_	_
29	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	31	cc	_	_
30	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	31	cop	_	_
31	dim	dim	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	37	punct	_	_
33	then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	37	advmod	_	_
34	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	35	det	_	_
35	priest	priest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	37	nsubj	_	_
36	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	37	aux	_	_
37	shut	shut	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	31	conj	_	_
38	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	37	obj	_	_
39	up	up	ADP	RP	_	37	compound:prt	_	_
40	seven	seven	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	41	nummod	_	_
41	days	day	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	37	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
42	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **look** | infinitive | the priest |  |  |  |  | on it | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent on it=Theme |
| 2 | **be** | infinitive | no white hairs |  |  | there |  | therein *property* | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **not** **is** | infinitive | priest |  |  |  |  | than the skin; low *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **is** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | dim *property* | tree rules |
| 5 | **shut up** | shall | the priest | him *= he* |  |  | then; day |  | vn subjugate-42.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent he=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Torah LEV.13.21, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lower:x3:2
# text = (Torah LEV.13.21, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Torah	Torah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	LEV.13.21	LEV.13.21	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Yet Thou hast made him but little lower than the angels, and hast crowned him with glory and honour. (Writings PSA.8.6, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Yet Thou hast made him but little lower than the angels, and hast crowned him with glory and honour.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lower:x4:1
# text = Yet Thou hast made him but little lower than the angels, and hast crowned him with glory and honour.
1	Yet	yet	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
2	Thou	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	hast	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	obj	_	_
6	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
7	little	little	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	8	advmod	_	_
8	lower	low	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	4	conj	_	_
9	than	than	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	angels	angel	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	hast	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
15	crowned	crown	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	14	ccomp	_	_
16	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	obj	_	_
17	with	with	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	glory	glory	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	_
19	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
20	honour	honour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present · passive |  | Thou |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP NP»: subject=Beneficiary he=Product |
| 2 | **have** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **crown** | past |  |  | him *= he* |  |  | with glory and honour | vn butter-9.9 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent he=Destination with glory=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Writings PSA.8.6, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lower:x4:2
# text = (Writings PSA.8.6, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Writings	writing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	PSA.8.6	PSA.8.6	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And the pavement was by the side of the gates, corresponding unto the length of the gates, even the lower pavement. (Prophets EZK.40.18, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* And the pavement was by the side of the gates, corresponding unto the length of the gates, even the lower pavement.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lower:x5:1
# text = And the pavement was by the side of the gates, corresponding unto the length of the gates, even the lower pavement.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	pavement	pavement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	side	side	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	gates	gate	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
12	corresponding	correspond	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	10	acl	_	_
13	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	length	length	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	_
16	of	of	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	gates	gate	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
20	even	even	ADV	RB	_	23	advmod	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
22	lower	low	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	23	amod	_	_
23	pavement	pavement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the pavement |  |  |  |  | by the side; of the gates | tree rules |
| 2 | **correspond** | gerund | the gates *not said here* |  |  |  |  | unto the length of the gates and the lower pavement | vn correspond-36.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Prophets EZK.40.18, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lower:x5:2
# text = (Prophets EZK.40.18, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Prophets	prophet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	EZK.40.18	EZK.40.18	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And ye saw the breaches of the city of David, that they were many; and ye gathered together the waters of the lower pool. (Prophets ISA.22.9, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* And ye saw the breaches of the city of David, that they were many; and ye gathered together the waters of the lower pool.

<!-- fold The tree, 24 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lower:x6:1
# text = And ye saw the breaches of the city of David, that they were many; and ye gathered together the waters of the lower pool.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	ye	ye	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	3	nsubj	_	_
3	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	breaches	breach	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	David	David	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
12	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	15	mark	_	_
13	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	nsubj	_	_
14	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
15	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
18	ye	ye	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	19	nsubj	_	_
19	gathered	gather	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
20	together	together	ADV	RB	_	19	advmod	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	waters	water	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	obj	_	_
23	of	of	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
25	lower	low	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	26	amod	_	_
26	pool	pool	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | past | ye | the breaches of the city of David |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer breach=Stimulus |
| 2 | **is** | past | breaches *= breach* |  |  |  |  | many *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **gather** | past | ye | the waters of the lower pool |  |  |  | together *property* | vn deduce-97.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent water=Theme |
| 4 | **breach** |  |  | the city of David |  |  |  |  | nom breach «act transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Prophets ISA.22.9, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lower:x6:2
# text = (Prophets ISA.22.9, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Prophets	prophet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	ISA.22.9	ISA.22.9	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Write your name in lower-case letters.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lower:x7:1
# text = Write your name in lower-case letters.
1	Write	write	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
5	lower	lower	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	case	case	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	letters	letter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **write** | imperative | you *not said here* | your name |  | case letters |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent name=Theme in letter=Destination |
| 2 | **name** |  | your |  |  |  |  |  | nom name «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The temperature is lower at night.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lower:x8:1
# text = The temperature is lower at night.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	temperature	temperature	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	lower	low	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	0	root	_	_
5	at	at	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the temperature |  |  |  | night | low *property* | tree rules |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
12 is lower than 20.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lower:x9:1
# text = 12 is lower than 20.
1	12	12	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	obl:unmarked	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	lower	low	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	0	root	_	_
4	than	than	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	20	20	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | than 20; 12 *obl:unmarked*; low *property* | tree rules |

## Example 10 {#x10}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Lower the bucket into the well slowly.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lower:x10:1
# text = Lower the bucket into the well slowly.
1	Lower	lower	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	bucket	bucket	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	into	into	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	well	well	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
7	slowly	slowly	ADV	RB	_	1	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lower** | imperative | you *not said here* | the bucket |  | the well |  | slowly *property* | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent bucket=Theme into well=Destination |

## Example 11 {#x11}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Please lower your voice in the library.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lower:x11:1
# text = Please lower your voice in the library.
1	Please	please	INTJ	UH	_	2	discourse	_	_
2	lower	lower	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	voice	voice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	library	library	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lower** | imperative | you *not said here* | your voice |  | the library |  |  | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent voice=Theme in library=Destination |

## Example 12 {#x12}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The shop lowered its prices in the sale.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lower:x12:1
# text = The shop lowered its prices in the sale.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	shop	shop	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	lowered	lower	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	prices	price	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	sale	sale	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lower** | past | the shop | shop's prices |  | the sale |  |  | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent price=Theme in sale=Destination |

## Example 13 {#x13}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The lower shelf is for the little ones.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lower:x13:1
# text = The lower shelf is for the little ones.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	lower	low	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	3	amod	_	_
3	shelf	shelf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	ones	one	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the lower shelf |  |  |  |  | for the little ones | tree rules |

## Example 14 {#x14}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My lower lip is cut.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lower:x14:1
# text = My lower lip is cut.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	lower	low	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	3	amod	_	_
3	lip	lip	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	cut	cut	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cut** | present · passive |  | My lower lip |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product |

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**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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