---
title: lurk — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «lurk» in the Judaism dictionary: To lurk is to stay hidden, waiting quietly, often to attack or spy. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# lurk

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** these, they, He, lion, young lion, us · **What happens:** be, wait, attack, spy, lie, lurk · **To what, where:** wait, pieces, secret places, us, fox, bushes · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«lurk» in the Judaism dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [lurk in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/lurk.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To lurk is to stay hidden, waiting quietly, often to attack or spy.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lurk:m1:1
# text = To lurk is to stay hidden, waiting quietly, often to attack or spy.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	lurk	lurk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	advcl	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	stay	stay	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	hidden	hidden	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	waiting	wait	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	advcl	_	_
9	quietly	quietly	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
11	often	often	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
12	to	to	PART	TO	_	13	mark	_	_
13	attack	attack	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
14	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	spy	spy	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	13	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | hidden, stay *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **wait** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | quietly *property* | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **attack** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | often *property* | vn attack-60.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **spy** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn sight-30.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And these lie in wait for their own blood, they lurk for their own lives. (Writings PRO.1.18, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* And these lie in wait for their own blood, they lurk for their own lives.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lurk:x1:1
# text = And these lie in wait for their own blood, they lurk for their own lives.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	these	this	PRON	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	3	nsubj	_	_
3	lie	lie	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	wait	wait	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
8	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	blood	blood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
11	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
12	lurk	lurk	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
13	for	for	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
14	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	16	nmod:poss	_	_
15	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	lives	life	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lie** | present | these |  |  | wait |  | for their own blood | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in wait=Location |
| 2 | **lurk** | present | they |  |  |  |  | for their own lives | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Writings PRO.1.18, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lurk:x1:2
# text = (Writings PRO.1.18, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Writings	writing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	PRO.1.18	PRO.1.18	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He is like a lion that is eager to tear in pieces, and like a young lion lurking in secret places. (Writings PSA.17.12, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* He is like a lion that is eager to tear in pieces, and like a young lion lurking in secret places.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lurk:x2:1
# text = He is like a lion that is eager to tear in pieces, and like a young lion lurking in secret places.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	like	like	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	lion	lion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
8	eager	eager	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	acl:relcl	_	_
9	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
10	tear	tear	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	xcomp	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	pieces	piece	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
15	like	like	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
17	young	young	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	lion	lion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
19	lurking	lurk	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	18	acl	_	_
20	in	in	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	secret	secret	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	compound	_	_
22	places	place	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | He |  |  |  |  | like a lion and a young lion | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | present | a lion and a young lion |  |  |  |  | eager *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **tear** | to-infinitive | a lion and a young lion *not said here* |  |  | pieces |  |  | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in piece=Trajectory |
| 4 | **lurk** | gerund | a young lion *not said here* |  |  | secret places |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in place=Location |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Writings PSA.17.12, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lurk:x2:2
# text = (Writings PSA.17.12, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Writings	writing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	PSA.17.12	PSA.17.12	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
If they say: 'Come with us, let us lie in wait for blood, let us lurk for the innocent without cause; (Writings PRO.1.11, JPS 1917)

<!-- fold The tree, 25 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lurk:x3:1
# text = If they say: 'Come with us, let us lie in wait for blood, let us lurk for the innocent without cause; (Writings PRO.1.11, JPS 1917)
1	If	if	SCONJ	IN	_	3	mark	_	_
2	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	say	say	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	6	punct	_	_
5	'	'	PUNCT	``	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	Come	come	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	ccomp	_	_
7	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	let	let	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	conj	_	_
11	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	10	obj	_	_
12	lie	lie	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	xcomp	_	_
13	in	in	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	wait	wait	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	_
15	for	for	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	blood	blood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
18	let	let	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	6	parataxis	_	_
19	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	18	obj	_	_
20	lurk	lurk	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	18	xcomp	_	_
21	for	for	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	innocent	innocent	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	obl	_	_
24	without	without	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
25	cause	cause	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	28	punct	_	_
27	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	28	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	Writings	writing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	ccomp	_	_
29	PRO.1.11	PRO.1.11	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	28	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	31	punct	_	_
31	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	29	flat	_	_
32	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	29	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	28	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | they |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **come** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | with us | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **let** | infinitive |  | us |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **lie** | infinitive | us *not said here* |  |  | wait for blood |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in wait=Location |
| 5 | **let** | infinitive |  | us |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 6 | **lurk** | infinitive | us *not said here* |  |  |  |  | for the innocent | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A fox lurked in the bushes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lurk:x4:1
# text = A fox lurked in the bushes.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	fox	fox	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	lurked	lurk	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	bushes	bush	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lurk** | participle |  | a fox *not said here* |  | the bushes |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in bush=Location |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Something was lurking behind the door.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lurk:x5:1
# text = Something was lurking behind the door.
1	Something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	3	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	lurking	lurk	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	behind	behind	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	door	door	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lurk** | past · progressive | Something |  |  | the door |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme behind door=Location |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Danger may lurk in dark woods.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:lurk:x6:1
# text = Danger may lurk in dark woods.
1	Danger	danger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	lurk	lurk	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	woods	wood	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lurk** | may | Danger |  |  | dark woods |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in wood=Location |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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