---
title: misleading — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «misleading» in the Judaism dictionary: Giving people a wrong idea, even if not every word is a lie. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# misleading

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** word, them, Tzaddi, some, Tz, Hebrew · **What happens:** give, not be, lead, make, believe, be · **To what, where:** wrong idea, people, lie, someone, them, something · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«misleading» in the Judaism dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [misleading in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/misleading.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Giving people a wrong idea, even if not every word is a lie.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:misleading:m1:1
# text = Giving people a wrong idea, even if not every word is a lie.
1	Giving	give	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	iobj	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	wrong	wrong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	idea	idea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
7	even	even	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	_
8	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	14	mark	_	_
9	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	14	advmod	_	_
10	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	11	det	_	_
11	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	_
12	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	cop	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	lie	lie	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | gerund |  | a wrong idea | people |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent people=Recipient idea=Theme |
| 2 | **not** **is a** *a condition, not said to happen* | present | every word | a lie |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: verb form — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Leading someone the wrong way or making them believe something false.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:misleading:m2:1
# text = Leading someone the wrong way or making them believe something false.
1	Leading	lead	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	csubj	_	_
2	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	1	obj	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	wrong	wrong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	making	make	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	conj	_	_
8	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	_
9	believe	believe	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	xcomp	_	_
10	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	9	obj	_	_
11	false	false	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lead** | gerund |  | someone |  |  |  |  | vn accompany-51.7 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent someone=Theme |
| 2 | **make** | gerund |  | them *= they* |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **believe** | infinitive | them *= they* *not said here* | something |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer something=Stimulus |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Tzaddi is properly Tz ; but some write Z only, which is misleading because the Hebrew has also a true Z, Zain. (Sefer Yetzirah, Westcott 1893)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Tzaddi is properly Tz ; but some write Z only, which is misleading because the Hebrew has also a true Z, Zain.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:misleading:x1:1
# text = Tzaddi is properly Tz ; but some write Z only, which is misleading because the Hebrew has also a true Z, Zain.
1	Tzaddi	Tzaddi	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	properly	properly	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	Tz	Tz	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
7	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	8	nsubj	_	_
8	write	write	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	acl:relcl	_	_
9	Z	z	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
10	only	only	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
12	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	14	nsubj	_	_
13	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	cop	_	_
14	misleading	misleading	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	parataxis	_	_
15	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	18	mark	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	Hebrew	Hebrew	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	nsubj	_	_
18	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	advcl	_	_
19	also	also	ADV	RB	_	22	advmod	_	_
20	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
21	true	true	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	Z	z	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
24	Zain	Zain	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Tzaddi | Tz and Zain |  |  |  | properly *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **write** | present | some | Z |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent z=Theme |
| 3 | **is** | present | Tz and Zain |  |  |  |  | misleading *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **have** | present | the Hebrew | a true Z |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent z=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Sefer Yetzirah, Westcott 1893)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:misleading:x1:2
# text = (Sefer Yetzirah, Westcott 1893)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Sefer	Sefer	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	Yetzirah	Yetzirah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	Westcott	Westcott	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
6	1893	1893	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The advert was misleading because the toy was much smaller than in the picture.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:misleading:x2:1
# text = The advert was misleading because the toy was much smaller than in the picture.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	advert	advert	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	misleading	misleading	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	toy	toy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
8	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
9	much	much	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
10	smaller	small	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	4	advcl	_	_
11	than	than	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	picture	picture	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the advert |  |  |  |  | misleading *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | past | the toy |  |  |  |  | than the picture; small *property* | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
That graph is misleading: the bars start at 50, not at 0.

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:misleading:x3:1
# text = That graph is misleading: the bars start at 50, not at 0.
1	That	that	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	2	det	_	_
2	graph	graph	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	misleading	misleading	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	8	punct	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	bars	bar	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj	_	_
8	start	start	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	advcl	_	_
9	at	at	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	50	50	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
12	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	14	advmod	_	_
13	at	at	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	0	0	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | that graph |  |  |  |  | misleading *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **start** | present | the bars |  |  | 50 |  | at 0 | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is misleading to say the test was easy when half the class failed.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:misleading:x4:1
# text = It is misleading to say the test was easy when half the class failed.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	misleading	misleading	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	say	say	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	csubj	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	test	test	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
8	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
9	easy	easy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	ccomp	_	_
10	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	14	advmod	_	_
11	half	half	DET	PDT	NumForm=Word|NumType=Frac|PronType=Ind	13	det:predet	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	class	class	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	_
14	failed	fail	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | It |  |  |  |  | misleading *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **is** | past | the test |  |  |  |  | easy *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **fail** | past | half class |  |  |  |  |  | vn succeed-74-3-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He gave the teacher a misleading answer about his homework.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:misleading:x5:1
# text = He gave the teacher a misleading answer about his homework.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	iobj	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	misleading	misleading	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	answer	answer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
8	about	about	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	homework	homework	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | past | He | a misleading answer | the teacher |  |  | about teacher's homework | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent teacher=Recipient answer=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Some headlines online are misleading, so check the full story.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:misleading:x6:1
# text = Some headlines online are misleading, so check the full story.
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	det	_	_
2	headlines	headline	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
3	online	online	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	misleading	misleading	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	so	so	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	check	check	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	5	parataxis	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	full	full	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	story	story	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | some headlines |  |  |  |  | misleading *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **check** | infinitive |  | the full story |  |  |  |  | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent story=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The sign was misleading and sent us down the wrong path.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:misleading:x7:1
# text = The sign was misleading and sent us down the wrong path.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	sign	sign	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	misleading	misleading	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	sent	send	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
7	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	6	obj	_	_
8	down	down	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	wrong	wrong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	path	path	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the sign |  |  |  |  | misleading *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **send** | past | the sign *not said here* | us |  |  |  | down the wrong path | vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent we=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
You are misleading everyone by leaving out the cost of postage.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:misleading:x8:1
# text = You are misleading everyone by leaving out the cost of postage.
1	You	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	misleading	mislead	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	everyone	everyone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Tot	3	obj	_	_
5	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
6	leaving	leave	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	_
7	out	out	ADP	RP	_	6	compound:prt	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	cost	cost	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	postage	postage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mislead** | present · progressive | You | everyone |  |  |  |  | vn trick-59.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent everyone=Patient |
| 2 | **leave out** | gerund | You *not said here* | the cost of postage |  |  |  |  | vn neglect-75.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cost=Theme |
| 3 | **cost** |  |  | postage |  |  |  |  | nom cost «possession transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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